Records · Evidence review

Impact review: what the trafficking pages ask one person to do, and what the evidence says

The working record behind the pages, published as written. Source file source/impact/trafficking-2026-11-05.md. All records.

Reviewed 2026-11-05. Pages reviewed: content/trafficking-do.html, content/trafficking-practice.html, content/trafficking-learn.html; prior research source/research/trafficking.md. Nothing on the content pages was edited. This file is the review; Isaac decides what changes.

0. How to read this

The decision. Which actions the Do and Practice pages should recommend, in what order, and which organisations they should name, given the best evidence available today about what one person (no special position, a few hours a month, a modest budget) can do that reduces trafficking and forced labour or helps the people caught in it. Isaac decides; this review grades the evidence and recommends.

Grades on sources (every source below carries one):

• primary — the body that produced the data or policy (government, court, UN agency, the hotline operator's own pages, a law).
• research — peer-reviewed or independent academic evaluation.
• programme's / charity's own figures — an organisation reporting on its own work; includes advocacy positions.
• news — a named outlet and date.
• industry projection — none used here.
• unread — a search-result summary or a page I could not open; labelled wherever it appears.

Fetch date for everything is 2026-11-05 unless stated. Where a fetch failed, the file says so and names the route used instead.

Grades on actions (fixed before the evidence was read):

• strong — at least one independent evaluation with a comparison group, or several consistent independent evaluations, showing the action reduces trafficking or forced labour or improves survivors' outcomes.
• moderate — independent evidence that the mechanism works (for example enforceable buyer agreements, or outcome tracking at 12 months) but the outcome numbers are the organisation's own or come from single-group designs.
• weak — knowledge or attitude change only, or output counts, with no outcome evidence.
• none-but-plausible — no evaluation found; the mechanism is plausible and the downside small.
• contradicted — evidence that the action, as commonly done, does not work or causes harm.

What this review could not reach today. The shared web-search budget ran out part-way through; after that only known URLs were fetched. Blocked or rate-limited: acf.gov for the fetch tool (the awareness agent obtained the award release and the hotline data page by direct download), grassley.senate.gov (the December 2025 letter to Compass Connections and the May 2025 floor remarks), ijm.org, the Freedom Fund's northern-India evaluation PDF and IDS OpenDocs, nswp.org (Empower's Hit and Run), ucpress.edu, PubMed (cookie wall; Europe PMC and Crossref used instead), the CBP UFLPA dashboard (interactive, no text), USDA's FLSP page, Open Philanthropy (now redirecting to coefficientgiving.org, 403). The Wayback Machine is refused by the fetch tool; two archived hotline pages were pulled with curl and compared locally. Two research strands (organisation checks; awareness and hotline evidence) were run by subagents; their findings are marked [agent] and were spot-checked where they bear weight. Anything marked unread has not been opened by anyone in this session.

Headline. The pages are already more honest than most of the field. Three things should change. (1) "Learn the signs" as public stranger-spotting has no outcome evidence anywhere in the literature and a documented harm record; the version with any plausible value is knowing the labour signs for people you already know. (2) The hotline is first a service for the person in the situation; as a third-party tip channel the only outcome data are HHS's counts of situations passed to law enforcement (3,643 of 13,623 potential situations in FY2025) and Polaris's claim that 71% of referrals with a known outcome led to an investigation (denominator unpublished); the federal evaluation found the hotline "has no influence on whether law enforcement takes additional action". Whether tips should go to police without consent is a live political fight (41 attorneys general and HHS on one side, survivor-led groups and the hotline's own confidentiality policy on the other). (3) The strongest independent endorsement in the whole supply-chain space goes to worker-driven enforcement (the Fair Food Program model), but the "buy Fair Food tomatoes" instruction is nearly unactionable because the label is scarce; the actionable version is supporting the programme and asking retailers to join. Recovery funding stays first and gets a stronger reason in 2026: federal victim-service grants lapsed and T-visa approvals fell by almost two-thirds while applications more than doubled. Two organisation flags: GEMS's FY2023 audit carried going-concern doubt and its leadership changed in 2024 (list it with a caveat), and the hotline is now run by Compass Connections, a federal child-shelter contractor with negative net assets and a two-star rating that has not yet published how it will share tips (say who runs it).

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A. Action by action

A1. Learn the signs (public "spot the signs")

What the pages say. Do page step 2 and the "signs" section; Practice page drill; the Learn page's framing that most people won't recognise it from a stranger.

Evidence that awareness or "signs" knowledge leads to identified victims or less trafficking.

• Szablewska & Kubacki 2018, systematic review of peer-reviewed studies of anti-trafficking campaigns: 16 studies, "none included outcome, process, or impact evaluations"; thematic problems in eight areas including stereotyping, conflating trafficking with migration and with prostitution, and oversimplification. [S1] research
• Kiss & Zimmerman 2019 (PLOS Medicine, commissioned editorial, not externally peer reviewed): "Evidence for prevention strategies is still scarce"; emerging findings suggest "limited benefit in 'awareness-raising' interventions"; training "not solidly grounded in contextual evidence" carries "possible unintended harm". They prioritise structural levers: social protection such as cash transfers, transparent recruitment, worker-driven social responsibility, fairer labour-immigration law. [S2] research (editorial)
• Bryant & Landman 2020 (Journal of Human Trafficking; full text read by the awareness agent): 90 evaluations of anti-trafficking programmes 2000–2015; evaluations "primarily focused on assessing the progress of project implementation and the achievement of outputs, rather than tracking the achievement of outcomes or impact"; 47 of the 90 had an awareness component and "many of these evaluations conclude that raising awareness campaigns had mixed results"; they cite Vogel & Cyrus 2017 (55 demand-side campaigns, 5% evaluated; campaigns help "only … in combination with other interventions, if at all") and the one randomised trial (Archer, Boittin & Mo 2016, Nepal), whose outcome was ability to recognise trafficking, not victimisation; "we do not have concrete answers to the question 'what works'". [S3, S74] research [agent]
• van der Laan et al. 2011 (Campbell Collaboration): over 19,000 titles screened in nine languages, 2000–2009; about 20 intervention studies; "none of these were controlled and most did not even use pre- and posttest measures"; "no conclusions can currently be made regarding the effectiveness". [S72] research [agent]
• Davy 2016 (American Journal of Evaluation): 49 evaluations reviewed; "only a small number … have been evaluated" and fewer rigorously. [S73] research [agent]
• Scottish Government evidence review, 23 Jun 2025: "human trafficking interventions have not been systematically or robustly evaluated"; "awareness raising, education, and training are the most commonly evaluated types of intervention"; "limited evidence … with a primary prevention focus". [S75] primary (government review) [agent]
• SWiFT briefing notes (LSHTM): "awareness of migration risks very rarely changes any aspect of a woman's migration plans, and does not influence her risk of forced labour either"; "the availability of emergency assistance and 'hot lines' should never be oversold"; of 188 women followed up in Nepal, 12% of those who took the two-day course said it changed their mind about migrating. [S77] research (grey) [agent]
• The one large evaluation of awareness/pre-departure training: the ILO's Work in Freedom programme, evaluated over five years by LSHTM/UCL (Zimmerman, Mak, Pocock, Kiss 2021, Frontiers in Public Health). Nepal: 519 returnee and 340 prospective migrants, 188 followed up (45% attrition); India: 4,671-household survey, 347 women tested before and after training; Bangladesh: cohort of 40. Findings: women could name 1.2 of 13 migration risks before training and 2.1 after; in Nepal 91.2% of returnees reported forced labour and "training participation did not lower the likelihood of experiencing it"; the destination country, set by the recruiter, was the main risk factor. [S4] research. The India pre/post study (Pocock et al. 2020, PLOS ONE, N=347, no control group): training showed "little effectiveness"; willingness to accept a wage advance rose from 58.2% to 69.3%, which the authors call a worrying shift; they argue the burden of "keeping safe" should move from migrants to recruiters, employers and policy. [S5] research
• UK local campaigns (Birks & Gardner 2019, Anti-Trafficking Review): content analysis plus focus groups; people most sympathetic to victims were the most reluctant to report, citing weak survivor support and immigration consequences; the authors suggest the "hostile environment" undermines "spot the signs" campaigns. [S6] research
• Olayiwola 2019 (Nigeria, ethnographic): awareness campaigns rest on an "ignorance" assumption that misrepresents child domestic workers and their parents; recommends structural targets. [S7] research
• Media myths: Martin & Hill 2019 found 76% of US print coverage 2010–2016 propagated the "Super Bowl sex trafficking" narrative that "available empirical evidence does not suggest"; an evidence-based communication strategy shifted Minneapolis coverage in 2018. [S8] research
• Hotline data on where identification comes from: of 52,664 signals in 2025, 10,971 came from victims or survivors themselves (20.8%); of 15,085 cases, the primary request was "report a trafficking tip" in 8,878 (58.9%), service referrals in 4,231, crisis help in 1,179. The hotline publishes no figure for what share of tips are substantiated and states "the use of the word case is not an indication of law enforcement involvement". [S9] primary
• Sector training evaluations measure knowledge and confidence, not identified victims: Fraley, Aronowitz & Stoklosa 2020 (health-care providers; 7 studies 2000–2018; providers had low awareness and sometimes negative attitudes; multiphase approaches sustained outcomes) [S10] research; Shadowen et al. 2021 (emergency departments; scoping review of 17 studies; "even brief education can improve provider confidence") [S11] research; Weaver et al. 2025 (46 studies of health-care training; "the majority prioritizing learning-centric outcomes over patient-centered outcomes, such as victim identification") [S76] research [agent]. The one instrument validated against victims found: the RAFT four-question screen (Chisolm-Straker et al. 2021; 4,127 adult ED patients in New York and Fort Worth; 1.1–1.4% positive on the reference interview; sensitivity 89–100%, specificity 61–74%); a validation study, not a before-and-after count of identifications in routine care. [S92] research [agent]
• Hospitality: AHLA's page gives no numbers trained and no outcome evidence; the BEST "Inhospitable to Human Trafficking" outcomes summary (2019) says "over 11,000 properties have staff trained" and that hoteliers report "identifying more trafficking victims as a direct result of the training" (self-report, industry's own); no peer-reviewed evaluation measuring identifications or reports was found. Hotel/motel-based sex-trafficking cases at the hotline: 490 in 2025, 601 in 2024. [S93, S9] industry's own; primary [agent]
• Trucking: Truckers Against Trafficking's own figures via news, since its own report PDFs now 404: "more than 1.8 million transportation professionals" trained, "over 1,200 identified potential victims", "hundreds of likely trafficking cases" (FreightWaves, 12 Jan 2026); before 2009 the hotline had "exactly three calls from truck drivers" (NBC News, 26 Jan 2020). No independent assessment found. [S94] charity's own figures via news [agent]
• Airlines: Airline Ambassadors publishes no figures or evaluation; a further misidentification case (American Airlines, May 2023, a father and 13-year-old daughter met by security; the airline apologised "for any misunderstanding") sits beside the three below. [S95] news/blog [agent]
• Schools: the My Life My Choice prevention curriculum (Rothman et al. 2019; one group, n=354 at baseline, 241 at follow-up; sexually explicit behaviour RR 0.52; no comparison group) [S96] research; Love146's Not a Number (Jones, O'Brien & Graham 2026; quasi-experimental, N=449 in two Houston high schools; gains in awareness and help-seeking self-efficacy, not victimisation) [S97] research; a cluster RCT with "traded sex in the prior 6 months" as the primary outcome is registered (NCT07503912; 32 sites; start April 2026; completion September 2027; "not yet recruiting") [S97] primary (registry) [agent]. So school prevention has promising uncontrolled results and its first real test is two years out.
• DHS Blue Campaign: its site carries no statistics or evaluation; no GAO or OIG evaluation was found. [S98] primary [agent]
• Rumour surges: Polaris on the Wayfair/QAnon episode (20 Jul 2020): "hundreds of reports", "none of the reports contained any information beyond what has been widely shared online", and "the extreme volume of these contacts has made it more difficult for the Trafficking Hotline to provide support to others in need" [S90] charity's own; zip-tie/van posts rated False by PolitiFact (15 Nov 2019) and Lead Stories (14 Nov 2022), with Polaris saying it had "not come across any trafficking situations" involving the pattern [S91] news; GAATW's 2011 review of sporting events found "no evidence of a link between large sporting events and trafficking for prostitution" (Germany 2006: 33 investigations, 5 thought linked; South Africa 2010: none) [S89] charity's own research [agent].

Harm record of public spotting. Flight-crew or passenger "trafficking" reports led police to meet a white father and his adopted Asian daughter (Southwest, December 2017; the airline apologised and said attendants "receive training" on trafficking indicators) [S12] news; a white mother and her Black 10-year-old (Southwest, November 2021; two Denver officers at the gate) [S13] news; a Black 21-year-old and her white adoptive 4-year-old sister (Frontier, about 2021; two DFW officers questioned the child; Frontier: "Race played no part") [S14] news. The Practice page's nail-salon drill already warns about ethnicity-based reports; the airline cases show the same failure in trained staff.

Grade: weak as public awareness (no outcome evidence in any review; documented misidentification); none-but-plausible for the narrow version the pages already lean toward: knowing the labour signs (recruiter fee, debt, held documents, visa tied to the employer) for people you already know, and knowing what the hotline does and does not do.

Recommendation. Keep the signs, but reorder: labour signs first, "around a person" second, and cut any sign that is really a demographic (language, living above the shop). Replace "Learn the signs that matter" with "Know what a bad job looks like" and add the recruiter-check tool Contratados (reviews of recruiters and employers, run by Centro de los Derechos del Migrante; no usage figures or evaluation published) [S15] programme's own.

A2. Save the number; call or text the National Human Trafficking Hotline

What the pages say. Step 1, the notice box, "How to report", "What happens after you call", the operator-change warning, the drill.

What the hotline is for, in its own words. "Trained Anti-Trafficking Hotline Advocates and supervisory staff provide assistance to victims in crisis"; next steps can include "report to our designated law enforcement partners for investigation"; "Except in situations involving potential abuse of a minor or if we believe a person is in imminent danger, the Trafficking Hotline will not take action without the consent of the person in the situation"; "Decisions to report tips to law enforcement are handled on a case-by-case basis with priority on safety and the consent of the individual involved." [S16] primary. FAQs: "Every case received through the Hotline, email, or online tip report is individually reviewed and evaluated by a Supervisor"; "If a case is reported to law enforcement, the Trafficking Hotline cannot provide updates on the status of the case." [S17] primary. Polaris's own report describes it as existing "first and foremost to assist victims of human trafficking … Data collection is secondary." [S18] charity's own

Did the rules change with the operator? No, on the published text. The confidentiality policy and the "When you reach us" page fetched today (operator: Compass Connections) are word-for-word the same as the archived Polaris-era copies (Wayback snapshots 25 Apr 2025 and 20 Mar 2025, pulled with curl). Two things did change in the footer: funding went from "$5 million annually with 71% … funded by ACF/HHS and $2.06 million and 29% … by non-government sources" to "$7 million annually"; and the 2025 snapshots carried a banner: "We are currently receiving a lot of calls and it may take longer than 15 minutes to speak with one of our advocates." [S19, S20] primary (archived) vs [S16, S21] primary (today)

The operator change. HHS award 90ZV0148 to Compass Connections: cooperative agreement, start 30 Sep 2025, end 29 Sep 2030, $14.85M obligated so far from an initial $7M; the funding office is listed as the Office of Refugee Resettlement; the assistance listing shown is 93.604 "Assistance for Torture Victims", which looks like a catalogue mislabel [S22] primary (federal award data via HigherGov). The hotline FAQ says Compass "began operating the Hotline in September 2025" [S17]; Polaris says "all hotline operations" transferred on 8 Dec 2025 and "Polaris no longer holds any operational role" [S23] charity's own. Both are right about different things (award start vs operational handover); the page should say "award from 30 September 2025, handover completed 8 December 2025". Compass Connections' site describes itself as "a federal partner providing National Call Center services 24/7 to children, parents, and sponsors engaged through the US Department of Health and Human Services", lists emergency shelters, foster care and call-centre operations among its programmes, says nothing about law-enforcement cooperation, and links to a BCFS careers site [S24] primary. Who Compass is, what it earns, and its relationship to BCFS are in D2.

What happens to tips, in numbers. HHS/ACF's own data page (fiscal years): FY2025 187,863 signals, 32,458 "substantive", 9,446 from potential victims, 13,623 potential situations; situations reported to law enforcement FY2018–FY2025: 3,434, 3,599, 3,353, 2,889, 2,531, 2,381, 2,642, 3,643 (24,472 in total); 79,487 unique service referrals. So in FY2025 about 27% of potential situations went to law enforcement (3,643 of 13,623); the fiscal-year signal count is a different definition from the hotline's calendar-year 52,664 and should not be reconciled. [S78] primary [agent]. Polaris's own counts: "more than 7,300 situations" referred to law enforcement from 2016 to August 2022 [S83]; "nearly 32,000 reports" since 2007, and "of the law enforcement reports where the Hotline was told the outcome, 71% led to investigations being opened", with the share of reports with a known outcome not given [S88] charity's own [agent]; "at least 46 tips led to active investigations" in one month of 2025 [S79] charity's own [agent]. Keep all three referral counts; they cover different windows. The federal evaluation (RTI International for ACF/OPRE, December 2023; 253,326 contacts 2013–2018, 301 observed calls, staff and survivor focus groups, interviews with receiving police agencies) is the only breakdown of who contacts the hotline: 42.6% of contacts (n=107,916) concerned a specific incident of trafficking, 25.9% an incident "deemed to be high risk", 14.0% a general trafficking-related request, 14.9% a request unrelated to trafficking; among specific-incident contacts the largest contactor group was potential victims themselves (27.4%, n=29,568), who mostly called to give information (38.5%) or get a referral (31.7%), with 29.0% in crisis. It found advocates' "connections to law enforcement are perceived to be less dependable", that the reporting process was explained to only 52.4% (32 of 61) of observed contactors for whom it was relevant, that survivors "believed that law enforcement would respond to their location or that they would receive a callback", and that "once a report is made, the NHTH has no influence on whether law enforcement takes additional action"; it reports no tip outcomes. [S87] primary [agent; re-downloaded and confirmed]. No GAO evaluation of the hotline exists; GAO-26-107901 (11 Jun 2026) only cites the hotline's 2024 totals. [S104] primary [agent]. No independent study tracing tips to substantiation or prosecution was found by anyone in this session.

Why it changed, and the contest over tips.

• 41 state and territory attorneys general wrote to HHS Secretary Kennedy on 15–16 April 2025 saying Polaris was "failing to forward third-party tips about adult victims to state law enforcement except in limited circumstances", with "a delay of even several months", and asked that the next operator cooperate with local police. They drew a line: "We are not asking that the Hotline report calls from victims who say they do not want their call reported. But we are asking them to send us the tips they get from anyone other than the victim." Their case in one sentence: "sending the public to the Hotline when they see someone in trouble is futile if the organization running it refuses to share those tips." Thirty-six attorneys general had asked Congress for a reporting mandate on 27 February 2023, saying Polaris "only forwards tips to state law enforcement about adult victims in limited circumstances". [S25, S84, S80] primary (AG coalition release and letter). Polaris's reply at the time (1 Mar 2023): the hotline "does not report their situations to law enforcement without their consent" and "must have the trust of victims and survivors"; it is "not primarily a law enforcement tip line"; all child cases and situations where "immediate and escalating violence can be heard or observed" are reported. [S81, S82] news; charity's own [agent]
• Senator Grassley (5 May 2025) relayed whistleblower disclosures including two 2025 case files marked "Work Not Required" and an alleged conflict of interest (a Polaris co-founder directing the HHS office that funds the hotline); his floor claim of an HHS audit of 294 cases with "nearly 10 percent failure rate" could not be opened and is unread. [S85] primary (Senate release; allegations) [agent]
• HHS/ACF's award release (22 Sep 2025): "a departure from the incumbent, a change aimed at strengthening trust after ACF received and verified ongoing and concerning feedback that the Hotline was not adequately meeting stakeholder needs"; the new operator must prioritise contacts from people "in immediate danger, actively experiencing trafficking, or minors at risk", produce "a comprehensive law enforcement engagement plan … [to] standardize how tips are shared", and train annually with law enforcement and child welfare; "projected $35 million" over five years, "+$1 million annually". [S86] primary [agent]. The requirement to standardise tip-sharing is the policy change; the published confidentiality text has not yet moved (above).
• Survivor-led groups opposed both. The National Survivor Network's 3 March 2023 letter to congressional leaders: survivors "oppose any changes that require the National Human Trafficking Hotline to hand victims' information over to law enforcement without their consent"; fear of police is "entirely reasonable"; mandatory reporting "would lead to significant disparate impacts on the most marginalized survivors" [S26] charity's own (survivor-led position). Its 8 September 2023 letter on H.R. 2601: the bill "would turn the National Human Trafficking Hotline into a law enforcement tip line"; a hotline "can serve survivors or increase policing, but trying to be both is a conflict of interest"; secondhand reports risk "racialized and gendered harassment … including through swatting"; hotline calls are "an unreliable source of data" [S27] charity's own. Freedom Network USA (118 member organisations), March 2026: the government "requires it to operate as a law enforcement tipline as well as a hotline for survivors. This conflation … is deeply problematic" [S28] charity's own.
• Polaris's September 2025 statement gives no reason beyond the award going elsewhere and cites 18-year totals (over 460,000 signals, 112,000 cases, 218,000 survivors) [S29] charity's own. A National Review piece (reposted by Empower Oversight, 26 Sep 2025) reports a Polaris whistleblower alleging tips were not reported to law enforcement and a FOIA suit; these are allegations, not findings [S30] news. The Daily Signal article on missed and dropped calls could not be opened (403) and is unread.
• Polaris against H.R. 2601 (29 Nov 2023): "Victims of human trafficking must be able to control when to involve law enforcement." [S83] charity's own [agent]

What a caller can expect in 2026. Supervisor review of every tip; no updates; anonymity protected when a tip is passed on; action without consent only for minors or imminent danger; calls not recorded. [S16, S17, S21]. The page's description is accurate. Its line that the hotline "exists for uncertain tips" (Practice page) is not how the hotline describes itself; it exists for victims first.

Grade: moderate as a resource to give to the person in the situation (the mechanism is a live, consent-based referral service with 10,971 victim contacts in 2025 and 79,487 service referrals over eight fiscal years; the federal evaluation found the referral side the dependable part); weak as a third-party tip line (about a quarter of potential situations go to police; the only investigation-rate figure is Polaris's 71% of an unpublished denominator; the hotline cannot follow up; survivor groups say nonconsensual reporting deters the calls that matter; HHS now requires standardised tip-sharing, so the terms may change).

Recommendation. Keep the number and the save-it step. Reframe the purpose: "a number to give someone" first, "a place for your specific observation" second. Keep the ICE-tipline distinction; add that the hotline is funded by HHS, that every tip is reviewed by a supervisor, that in FY2025 about a quarter of situations were passed to police, and that nobody publishes what happened next. Keep the confidentiality-policy link and the annual re-check, and add the HHS "law enforcement engagement plan" requirement to the stale list: the published rules may change under it.

A3. Other reporting routes: CyberTipline, IC3

• IC3 (ic3.gov). FBI's 2025 report: 1,008,597 complaints, $20.877 billion in reported losses (up 26%); cryptocurrency investment fraud was the largest loss category at $7.2 billion and is "largely perpetrated by organized criminal enterprises based in Southeast Asia using victims of human trafficking as forced labor to run the scam operations" (the FBI's own wording). The Recovery Asset Team ran 3,900 "Financial Fraud Kill Chain" incidents in 2025 on $1,163,919,846 of attempted theft and froze $679,013,183, a 58% success rate; the FBI's advice is to call your bank first, then file at ic3.gov "regardless of the amount lost". IC3 received more than 75,000 sextortion submissions in 2025 and referred more than 5,700 involving minors to NCMEC. [S31] primary
• CyberTipline (NCMEC). 2025: 21.3 million reports (21,181,300 from platforms, 170,193 from the public); 1.4 million online-enticement reports (up 158% from 546,333 in 2024); "more than 80,000 reports concerning sextortion"; "average of 137 reports of financial sextortion a day" (up 37%); NCMEC's own caveat that the 2024 REPORT Act drove part of the rise. Take It Down 2025: more than 130,000 submissions and more than 273,000 images or videos hashed; no removal counts are published anywhere the agent read. 2024 report: 20.5 million reports; 26,823 child-sex-trafficking reports; "since 2021, NCMEC is aware of more than three dozen teenage boys who have taken their lives". [S101] charity's own (NCMEC data) [agent]. IC3 2024 recorded 54,936 extortion/sextortion complaints and $33.5 million in losses, 3,806 complaints from people under 20. [S102] primary. The Stanford Internet Observatory's 2024 assessment (36.2 million reports in 2023; "only 49% of all 2022 reports were actionable"; triage and staffing problems) is in D9; it argues for reporting with specifics, which is what the page already says.

Grade. Reporting a scam: moderate for the reporter's own recovery (58% freeze rate when the report is fast); none-but-plausible for reducing the forced labour behind the scams (no evidence that complaint volume changes compound operations; it does feed FBI operations such as "Operation Level Up" named in the report). Keep, worded as money-recovery first.

A4. Pay for recovery, monthly

The evidence on survivor services as a category. Dell et al. 2019 (Trauma, Violence & Abuse), systematic review of exit and post-exit interventions 2005–2015: six eligible studies, 155 women and 6 men, four countries; outcomes included mental health, social networks, reintegration and employment; "most studies were of poor quality"; the evidence is "sparse" while needs are complex and effective interventions "urgently needed". [S32] research. Rothman et al. 2020 (Child Abuse & Neglect), the My Life My Choice survivor-mentor programme: 41 youth aged 11–18, one-group repeated measures; the share with recent commercial sexual exploitation fell from 72% at baseline to 24% at 6 months and 14% at 12 months (p<0.001), with less drug use, delinquency and arrest; follow-up 71% and 68%; no control group. [S33] research. So: the best survivor-service evidence is small, single-group, and positive. That is thinner than the page implies with "the clearest results are in recovery", and the page should say so.

Why recovery funding carries more weight in 2026 than in 2025. Freedom Network USA's March 2026 policy report (author Emma Ecker; 118 member organisations): the 27 January 2025 federal funding pause hit "hundreds of trafficking victim service providers"; in April 2025 DOJ cancelled over 500 grants including two TVPA victim-service grants (restored after a nine-month appeal); on 1 October 2025 "over 100 human trafficking victim services grants ended" and DOJ did not release "$88,000,000 in appropriated funds", "impacting at least 5,000 survivors"; new grants start 1 July 2026; VOCA funds took "an almost 40% cut"; the Deferred Action for Labor Enforcement programme was ended in early 2025; the 2024 H-2A worker-protection rule was rescinded in 2025; automatic work-permit extensions ended in October 2025. [S28] charity's own (coalition report; figures traceable to named federal actions). A federal judge on 23 March 2026 enjoined DOJ's anti-DEI certification conditions on the Services for Victims of Human Trafficking programme (FNUSA v. Trump). [S34] charity's own report of a court order; the opinion itself not read.

T visas. USCIS data queried July 2026 (Form I-914, principals): FY2024 received 15,332, approved 3,786, denied 603, pending 20,351; FY2025 received 37,177, approved 1,398, denied 2,362, pending 45,300; FY2026 through June: received 28,157, approved 496, denied 550, pending 81,695 (122,593 including family members). [S35] primary. Advocates' figures: adjudication averages 28 months as of February 2026, up 47% in a year (FNUSA) [S28]; "around 30.5 months" and rising (Advocates for Human Rights, June 2026) [S36] charity's own. Keep the contest: FNUSA cites a backlog "of over 33,000"; the USCIS sheet shows 81,695 principal applications pending in June 2026. Different dates and definitions; the primary number is USCIS's. On 20 May 2026 a district court in California (ICWC v. Noem) stayed nationwide a 2025 ICE memo "which resulted in the routine arrest, detention, and removal of immigrants with pending VAWA, U visa, and T visa petitions", restoring the 2011 and 2021 victim-centred directives for the certified classes; on 8 May 2026 USCIS described deferred action as "an Extraordinary Use of Prosecutorial Discretion". [S36] charity's own account of court and agency actions; the order itself not read. Twenty-four members of Congress wrote to DHS on 15 January 2026 demanding reinstatement of ICE Directive 11005.3 (protection for pending T/U applicants) and release of detained applicants [S37] primary (congressional release); USCIS told Spectrum News that T-visa applications "exploded from 2,780 in fiscal year 2021 to 23,754 in FY24", which matches the USCIS totals including family members [S38] news.

The named organisations' own outcome reporting.

• Sanctuary for Families: "more than 9,200 survivors … every year"; Economic Empowerment Program: 80–85% graduate with career-readiness skills, 65% find work within one year; nearly 500 adults and children housed annually; its evaluation page describes an internal "results-focused" framework and names no external evaluator. [S39, S40] charity's own
• Restore NYC: 385 served, 188 in core services; 100% of core-service clients "free from trafficking" at 12 months; 79% improved on its five-domain Freedom Index at 12 months; data "accurate as of September 30, 2024"; no external evaluation cited; the page still carries the unsourced "25,000 people are being trafficked in NYC" claim the research file told the pages not to repeat. [S41] charity's own
• GEMS: no outcome figures on its site today beyond a July 2018 education snapshot (122 participants; 54% in college, 46% pursuing GED/TASC, 73% in high school, categories overlap); services listed include transitional housing (ages 16–29), court advocacy and a survivor-leadership programme; a financial-documents page exists. [S42] charity's own
• The Freedom Fund: counting rule confirmed, "From July 2016 onwards, only people liberated with follow-up services to sustain their recovery are counted"; January 2014–June 2026: 40,463 liberated, 1,811,516 "lives impacted", 245,858 at-risk children in school, 316 convictions [S43] charity's own. Its 2025–26 impact report gives 37,026 liberated, 1.78 million lives impacted, 8,397 legal cases assisted, $121 million invested since 2014, 47% of frontline partners survivor-led; it reports "an external evaluation" of its Survivor Leadership Fund without naming the evaluator, and a follow-up child-domestic-work prevalence study in Ethiopia funded by the US TIP Office [S44] charity's own. The two liberation totals differ (37,026 vs 40,463) because the report and the web page cover different end dates; keep both. Independent research exists: IDS and Praxis ran a participatory prevalence study of the northern India bonded-labour hotspot, 2014–2018, published 13 August 2019 (Oosterhoff et al.) [S45] research (listing read; report PDF blocked); a search summary gives the headline as bondage falling from 56% to 11% of families across hotspots, unread. The Freedom Fund's own qualitative report (31 Jan 2020) describes "significant changes in the prevalence of bonded labour and child labour" across 19 partner NGOs [S46] charity's own.
• The Exodus Road and IJM: ijm.org blocked every fetch; neither organisation's prevalence or impact studies were read today. Filings, ratings and the 2021 and 2023 allegations are in D7 and D8. The raid-and-rescue critique that applies to the model is in C below.

Grade: moderate for giving to survivor services and legal aid (documented, unmet need; mechanism direct; outcome evidence is the organisations' own or small single-group studies; no independent evaluation of the three NYC groups found). Moderate for the Freedom Fund (strict counting rule; independent prevalence research exists but was not read today). Weak for The Exodus Road and IJM as listed (own figures; model contested; nothing independent read).

Recommendation. Keep recovery first. Add the 2026 reason (federal lapses, T-visa collapse) with the USCIS numbers. Among the NYC three, Restore publishes the most outcome tracking; Sanctuary publishes the broadest service figures and runs immigration legal services; GEMS publishes the least. Say that. Drop the TER/IJM lines or move them to a "what we did not list, and why" note.

A5. The sextortion talk with a teenager

• Finkelhor, Walsh, Jones, Mitchell & Collier (Trauma, Violence & Abuse, online 2020, print 2021): reviewed 12 multi-topic youth internet-safety programmes against the research on six online harms; found "mismatches" between the research and programme messaging, especially on sexual exploitation and sexting; argued for folding internet safety into established, evidence-based programmes on offline harms (bullying, dating abuse, sexual abuse) whose evidence base is "substantially superior". [S47] research
• IC3 2025: more than 75,000 sextortion submissions; 11,316 from people under 20; more than 5,700 minor-involved reports referred to NCMEC. [S31] primary
• Thorn and NCMEC, Trends in Financial Sextortion (June 2024; manual coding of sampled CyberTipline reports 2020–2023): 812 sextortion reports a week in Aug 2022–Aug 2023, 556 of them financial; "at least 28,000 financial sextortion cases per year … a conservative estimate"; 90% of minors with age and gender recorded were boys aged 14–17; where the report described what happened after payment, 27% of payers faced further demands (a Canadian Centre for Child Protection analysis of Reddit accounts: 93%); median payment $100 against a median demand of $390; platform reporting delays to NCMEC averaged seven days and were rising. [S100] charity research on NCMEC data [agent]
• Observational evidence behind the four lines of advice: in a 2017 survey of 2,097 survivors aged 13–25 (Thorn), 62% complied to make threats stop and for 64% the threats continued, 68% saying they "became more frequent"; blocking failed for 45% because offenders switched accounts; nearly one in three told no one, and of those 84% cited shame and 79% "fear of getting in trouble". In the 2016 survey of 1,631 victims (Wolak & Finkelhor), only 37% of those who complied said threats then stopped, one in five reported to a platform, 16% to police, and "police involvement was considerably more common among those who disclosed … to family or friends". Among 1,385 victims in Wolak et al. 2018, "half did not disclose incidents". [S103] research (non-representative surveys); charity's own survey [agent]. These are self-reports, not tests of the advice; they do say the "you won't be in trouble" line targets the fear most non-disclosers name.
• Finkelhor, Jones & Mitchell 2021, "Teaching privacy": most privacy messaging has not been evaluated and privacy practices are not clearly linked to reduced harm. [S99] research [agent]

Grade: none-but-plausible, with observational support. The advice on the page (tell them beforehand, don't pay, don't delete, report, Take It Down) matches the FBI's and NCMEC's and fits the survey pattern (paying rarely stops it; shame and fear of punishment stop disclosure); no study tests whether the parental conversation changes outcomes, and the internet-safety-education literature says stand-alone programmes are poorly evidenced. Keep it; keep it short; frame it as part of a wider conversation about online relationships and money, which is what the evidence base supports.

A6. Buy Fair Food Program produce

The programme's own figures (Fair Food Standards Council, 2024 State of the Program, © 2025, covering Season 13, 2023–24): "the Fair Food Program protects over 20,000 farmworkers harvesting dozens of crops across many states and 3 countries, including Chile and South Africa"; legally binding agreements with 14 buyers; more than $50 million in Fair Food Premium paid to workers; 3,919 worker complaints to the programme's hotline, 54% resolved in under two weeks and 73% in under a month; $638,948 in wages recovered through the complaint system; a 10% wage increase from the bucket-filling standard; 27 new growers across 13 new states joining by 2025 under USDA's Farm Labor Stabilization and Protection pilot, which (per the report) made WSR participation the condition of its highest "Platinum" award tier; "by the end of 2025, the FFP will be present on farms in half the states of the continental United States". The report claims the programme's mechanisms "have effectively rid FFP farms of abusive practices, ranging from forced labor and sexual violence to wage theft", and that its training "has effectively eliminated sexual assault and greatly reduced sexual harassment". It contrasts this with forced-labour prosecutions outside the programme: the November 2021 Georgia case ("the largest forced labor prosecution in U.S. history", thousands of H-2A workers, at least two deaths), and later cases in South Carolina and Florida. [S48] programme's own figures. Buyers today: Ahold, Aramark, Bon Appétit, Burger King, Chipotle, Compass Group, The Fresh Market, McDonald's, Sodexo, Subway, Trader Joe's, Walmart, Whole Foods, Yum; Soupergirl as a packaged-goods partner. Buyers "pay a small premium" and "purchase from PGs that are in compliance with the Program's Code of Conduct". [S49] programme's own

Independent views of the mechanism.

• US Customs and Border Protection, forced-labor FAQs issued during Trade Week, 31 Aug 2021, as summarised by Baker McKenzie: "ample evidence-based research" shows social audits are "ineffective" as currently administered in identifying and reducing forced labor; CBP recommends "worker-driven solutions", citing the Fair Food Program and the Bangladesh Accord. [S50] news (law-firm summary). CBP's current forced-labor FAQ page (last modified 28 Jan 2026) no longer contains this statement [S51] primary; the 2021 text survives only in secondary sources and on the programme's own site. Say "CBP said in 2021".
• Re:Structure Lab (Stanford, Simon Fraser, Yale; LeBaron et al., July 2022; funded by Humanity United and the Freedom Fund): "Study after study has found that audits and ethical certification schemes are ineffective mechanisms to detect, address, and correct labour exploitation and forced labour in supply chains"; these systems "create an illusion of progress"; its table lists Ali Enterprises (certified three weeks before the 2012 fire, 255 killed), Tazreen (audited three months before, 117 killed) and Rana Plaza (certified ten months before the 2013 collapse, 1,132 killed); it concludes that "more meaningful and promising third-party verification and monitoring systems are worker-led". [S52] research (evidence brief; note the funders)
• Kiss & Zimmerman 2019 name "worker-driven social responsibility reporting" among the emerging intervention areas worth investing in. [S2]
• Anti-Slavery International (16 Feb 2022): the Dyson/Malaysia case, where years of social audits missed abuses that whistle-blowers flagged from 2019; recommends worker-centred due diligence and unions. [S53] charity's own
• Milk with Dignity (the same model in Vermont dairy, run with Migrant Justice): 54 farms in 2 states, about 20% of Vermont's dairy production, 256 workers, 212 audits, 941 worker interviews, 611 code violations resolved after worker complaints, $5.35 million into wages, bonuses and housing over seven years. [S54] programme's own

Can a shopper act on it? Barely. The label launched in October 2014 on tomatoes at Whole Foods, Giant and Stop & Shop [S55] programme's own. The programme's own consumer page does not tell shoppers to look for a label; it asks them to "use your voice and dollars", propose Fair Food sponsor membership to a co-op board, donate, join the Alliance for Fair Food, buy merchandise or volunteer [S56] programme's own. Wendy's is not named anywhere on the programme site fetched today; the boycott status was not re-verified.

Grade: moderate for supporting worker-driven enforcement (the mechanism is the one independent experts and, in 2021, CBP pointed to; the outcome figures are the programme's own, audited by its own council); weak for the shopping instruction as written (the label is rare, tomato-only, three chains).

Recommendation. Rewrite "Buy Fair Food tomatoes" as "Back the one supply-chain fix with teeth": shop at a participating retailer if there is one near you, ask your grocer or co-op to join, give to CIW/FFSC, and join Alliance for Fair Food actions. Keep the Do page's "Does boycotting do anything?" answer; it is right.

A7. Mentor a young person (BBBS)

• Raposa et al. 2019 meta-analysis: 70 studies, 25,286 youth, average age about 12; a statistically significant overall effect; the authors say the findings "provide some support for the efficacy of mentoring interventions" and urge programmes to "remain realistic about the modest impact of these programs as currently implemented". The abstract gives no numeric effect size. [S57] research
• The 1995 Public/Private Ventures trial as summarised by BBBS: 950+ youth at eight agencies, randomised to a match or a waiting list, 18-month follow-up; matched youth 46% less likely to begin illegal drugs, 27% (elsewhere 26%) less likely to begin alcohol, 52% less likely to skip school, 33% less likely to hit someone; the page's later items are self-report surveys (2009) and a January 2026 report not read. [S58] charity's own summary of a 30-year-old RCT
• Trafficking specifically: only Rothman 2020 (survivor mentors, one group, 41 youth) [S33].

Grade: moderate for youth outcomes; none-but-plausible for trafficking prevention. The page already says exactly this. Keep as an optional item.

A8. Scam-compound awareness

Covered under A3. The Learn page's facts on forced criminality rest on the 2024 UNODC report and the 2026 TIP report (fetched earlier today by the previous pass, see source/research/trafficking.md); the FBI's 2025 report independently ties the largest US fraud-loss category to trafficked labour [S31]. Grade: none-but-plausible for any protective effect of awareness; moderate for the money-recovery value of fast reporting.

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B. The highest-impact things one person can do, ranked

Ranking rule: evidence grade first; where grades tie, the action with the lower harm record and the better fit to a few hours a month ranks higher. "Evidence" here means evidence about the mechanism and the outcome, not about how the action feels.

What did not make the top five and why. Public "spot the signs" (A1): weak, with harm. Third-party tips to the hotline about strangers (A2): weak; no outcome data. Donations to raid-and-rescue investigators (TER, IJM): weak and contested (see C). Solo boycotts and label-shopping: contradicted as a mechanism (Re:Structure Lab; the page already says so). Reporting scams at IC3: real for your money, unproven for the compounds.

Drop / keep / re-rank for the current pages.

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C. How these actions land on the people affected, and what works in groups

C1. Survivors

• Making help conditional on cooperating with police drives survivors away from identification. GAATW's eight-country study (18 Dec 2007; Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, India, Nigeria, Thailand, UK, US): "the practice of making assistance conditional on cooperation with law enforcement contributes to making trafficked persons suspicious of law enforcement agencies and unwilling to talk openly"; "people who have been trafficked will continue to try and avoid being identified as victims of trafficking, suspecting that this may not be in their own best interests"; in "countless 'rescue' operations in red light districts, the 'victims' who are picked up by the police have not been trafficked, but turn out to be migrant sex workers". [S59] charity's own (NGO research anthology, 2007)
• The US T visa still requires cooperation with law enforcement; Continued Presence grants were 317 in FY2024 against 3,786 T visas issued [S28]. Survivor-led positions on the hotline are in A2 [S26, S27]. NSN's prevention framework (2023) puts "systems advocacy" at the centre and names poverty, racism, homophobia, transphobia, ableism and misogyny as drivers; it does not ask the public to spot strangers. [S60] charity's own (survivor-led)
• What this means for the page: the consent rule is the feature, not a limitation; the Practice drill's "her call" verdict is the right one.

C2. Migrant workers

• Immigration threat is the dominant control: 59% of trafficked temporary-visa workers reported it; among H-2A victims 58% were threatened with deportation and 32% with blacklisting; among H-2B victims 68% were threatened with deportation and seven in ten had wages withheld [S18] charity's own analysis of hotline data, 2018–2020. A bystander report that reaches immigration enforcement rather than a labour or trafficking response therefore reinforces the trafficker's own threat.
• 2025–26: ICE's 2025 memo "resulted in the routine arrest, detention, and removal" of people with pending T and U applications until a court stayed it on 20 May 2026 [S36]; Congress members asked DHS to reinstate ICE Directive 11005.3 [S37]; FNUSA members report survivors "terrified to go to service providers' offices or court dates" [S28]. The UK evidence that a hostile immigration climate suppresses reporting [S6] transfers.
• What this means for the page: keep the ICE-tipline distinction prominent; keep "report specifics you saw"; add "for an adult, give them the number rather than reporting over their head".

C3. Sex workers

• Human Rights Watch, Cambodia, 19 July 2010: 94 sex workers interviewed (51 in depth); sex workers swept up under the 2008 anti-trafficking law were beaten, extorted (every interviewee had paid a bribe, typically $10–$200) and in some cases raped; at least 20 were detained at Prey Speu; "In no case HRW investigated did police attempt to distinguish trafficking victims from voluntary sex workers"; HRW ties the law to US pressure through the TIP report. [S61] charity's own (HRW investigation)
• Dasgupta 2019 (ethnography with the Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee, Kolkata): brothel raids experienced as "ordinary" state violence that attacks homes and the labour movement [S62] research. Lam & Lepp 2019 (Butterfly, Canada): anti-trafficking interventions by governments, police and social services "often detrimental" to Asian and migrant sex workers; racial profiling [S63] research. Shih 2023, Manufacturing Freedom (ethnography of two American rescue-and-rehabilitation organisations in China and Thailand): rescue programmes "profit from ongoing labor abuse of women workers" and from marketed redemption stories [S64] research (monograph; description read from a university event page, publisher page blocked). Red Canary Song (migrant massage workers, Flushing): "No more police raids and deportations. Policing is not social work." [S65] charity's own. Empower Foundation's Hit and Run (Thailand, 2012) could not be opened (nswp.org rate-limited): unread.
• GAO-21-385 (21 June 2021) on FOSTA: one prosecution under the law's criminal section by March 2021; after Backpage's seizure platforms moved overseas and the market fragmented, making it harder for law enforcement to gather tips and evidence [S66] primary. Research on FOSTA's effects on sex workers' safety was not reviewed today.
• What this means for the page: the nail-salon and "her call" drills are right; the Learn page's "end demand" contest should stay open; anything that reads as "report massage businesses" should go.

C4. Children and families

• Misidentification by trained staff: the three airline cases in A1 [S12–S14]. The common thread is a trained adult acting on a visual mismatch (race, quietness, an adopted child). The page's "report specifics you saw" rule is the right corrective, and the drill could add a travel case.
• Internet-safety education: stand-alone programmes are poorly evidenced; integrate [S47]. Sextortion falls hardest on boys 14–17, and shame plus fear of punishment is what stops them telling anyone [S100, S103].
• Children swept into viral-rumour reporting: the Wayfair surge produced "hundreds of reports" with nothing beyond what was online and crowded out people who needed help [S90].
• The CyberTipline itself is under strain: 36.2 million reports in 2023, about half of 2022's reports actionable, and triage that officers "struggle" with (Stanford Internet Observatory, 2024; D9). A specific, complete public report is more useful than a vague one.

C5. Doing it with others: which group formats have evidence

For the pages. The group format with the best evidence is the one a reader can only join from outside: worker organisations. The honest group suggestion for a congregation, workplace or school is therefore not a "signs" training but (a) becoming a Fair Food sponsor or asking the institution's food service to buy from participating buyers, (b) funding legal aid together, and (c) if a training is wanted, picking one that measures identifications, not knowledge, and includes survivors in its design (Fraley 2020's finding on what sustains outcomes [S10]).

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D. Organisations named on the pages

Filings are from ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer (IRS Form 990) unless stated; "CN" is Charity Navigator's score, stars and how many of its four "beacons" were assessed (Accountability & Finance; Impact & Measurement; Leadership & Planning; Culture & Compensation). A 1-of-4 rating grades finances and governance paperwork only. Candid seals are given where a page showed one. Everything in this section was read on 2026-11-05 by the organisation-check agent [agent] unless marked otherwise; I re-downloaded and confirmed the GEMS audit (S115) and the two ProPublica pages for Compass Connections and BCFS (S106). None of GiveWell, The Life You Can Save, Founders Pledge, Giving Green or Giving What We Can lists any of these organisations, with one stale exception (the Freedom Fund, below); Open Philanthropy's database now redirects to coefficientgiving.org, which blocked every query. [S68, S69, S105] Charity Commission (UK) and ACNC (Australia) registers were unreachable. Court-record searches for the four NYC organisations could not run (search budget), so "none found" for them is weaker than for the others.

1. Polaris (EIN 03-0391561). Operating: yes; no longer runs the hotline (handover complete 8 Dec 2025); CEO Megan Lundstrom since Feb 2025 after Catherine Chen left in Dec 2024; launched a workforce and economic-mobility initiative in Jul 2026. Filing: FY2024 (filed 14 Nov 2025) revenue $11,051,294, expenses $13,221,347, net assets −$140,648; its own 2024 annual report, which counts $6.0M of donated services the 990 excludes, gives revenue $17.3M, expenses $19.2M, the hotline 61% of spending, and 133 employees; deficits in 2023 and 2024. Ratings: CN 69%, two stars, 1 of 4 beacons (FY2024); Candid Platinum 2025. Controversy (Nov 2024–Nov 2026): the hotline award went elsewhere (A2); Senator Grassley's 5 May 2025 letter relayed whistleblower claims that two 2025 "high indicator" case files involving potential minors were closed "Work Not Required" without alerting police, and alleged a conflict of interest in that a Polaris co-founder directs the HHS office that funds the hotline (Just the News, 2 Jun 2025, added that she married Polaris's later executive director in 2013; HHS said awards follow "program policy and evaluation criteria"); the April 2025 letter of 41 attorneys general. No adjudication of the whistleblower claims was found; the practical outcome was the award to Compass. No layoffs reported anywhere read, though the hotline was 61% of spending. [S106–S108] Flag for the page: giving to Polaris no longer funds the hotline; its new programme has no outcome record yet.

2. Compass Connections (EIN 46-1394166), the hotline operator. Identity: a separate legal entity from BCFS Health and Human Services (EIN 74-1260710), not a rename; formed 2011; its board chair, Kevin Dinnin, is BCFS's president and CEO; its careers link goes to a BCFS page; the federal unaccompanied-children shelter business moved from BCFS to Compass between FY2022 and FY2023 (Compass revenue at most $352,191 a year through Aug 2022, then $192,341,732 in FY2023, $434,325,355 in FY2024 and $448,681,852 in FY2025; BCFS revenue fell from $4,436,163,982 in FY2021 to $28,615,731 in FY2025; BCFS's independent audit for FY2025 "identified: Material noncompliance. Audit identified a failure to follow requirements established by law, regulations, contract or grant agreements", per ProPublica's audit summary, re-downloaded and read in the main session; the underlying audit was not read). Compass FY2025: expenses $450,035,756 (confirmed in the main session), net assets −$4,749,686, 5,239 employees; programmes per its 990: residential shelter for children in federal custody (8,034 served), post-release services (4,001), and HHS's National Call Center for unaccompanied children; the hotline is a small addition. Ratings: CN 72%, two stars, 1 of 4 beacons (FY2025; "tax form disclosed on website: no"). History: BCFS ran the Tornillo tent camp (Jun 2018–Jan 2019; built for 400, held over 2,800 teenagers in Dec 2018; an HHS OIG memo faulted missing fingerprint checks for about 1,300 staff and "dangerously low" mental-health staffing) and was the subject of an HHS OIG audit of its FY2015 shelters (Dec 2018; late medical exams, 123 undocumented reunifications; BCFS said each item was addressed); Carrizo Springs 2019–2021. The research file's note that Compass ran the Fort Bliss site is unverified: the OIG's Fort Bliss report names no contractor and no source read places BCFS or Compass there. 2024–2026: a 15-year-old detained in a Nov 2025 ICE raid was held about four months at a Compass-run San Antonio shelter (News 4 San Antonio, Mar–May 2026); no lawsuit, audit or regulator action naming Compass was found; two Grassley letters to Compass (12 Dec 2025 on the hotline; another on ORR contractors) are unread (403). Policy: Compass has published no confidentiality or tip-sharing policy of its own; the hotline's posted text is Polaris's (A2); a North Dakota task-force summary of an HHS webinar (19 Dec 2025, secondary) says Compass is "developing a nationwide engagement plan to streamline how tips are shared", that "no call data is shared unless legally required or with consent", that advocates work on site in San Antonio, and that the full strategy rolls out in 2026. [S22, S24, S106, S109] Flag for the page: the trafficking hotline is now run by a federal child-custody shelter contractor with negative net assets and a two-star rating; say who runs it, and keep the January re-check of the confidentiality text.

3. Sanctuary for Families (EIN 13-3193119). Operating: yes (posts through Oct 2026; FY2025 990 and audit posted Jun 2026). Filing: FYE 30 Jun 2025, revenue $31,326,151, expenses $33,654,637, net assets $23,816,886; 333 employees; CEO compensation $324,350. Ratings: CN 97, four stars, 1 of 4 beacons (FY2024). Controversy: none found (no searches could run); a $2.3M deficit is a number, not misconduct. [S110]

4. Restore NYC (EIN 20-2390142). Operating: yes (FY2025 report; gala Oct 2026; 990 filed Aug 2026). Filing: FYE 30 Sep 2025, revenue $4,188,032, expenses $5,107,337, net assets $2,195,762; deficits of $523,253 (FY2024) and $919,305 (FY2025); auditor changed in FY2024. Ratings: CN 92, four stars, 1 of 4 beacons; Candid Platinum 2026 per its own badge. Controversy: none found (one search). [S111]

5. GEMS (EIN 13-4150972). Operating: filing yes (FYE Jun 2025 990 filed May 2026); website stale (© 2023; newest event Sep 2024; team page still lists the founder as CEO). Filing: FY2025 revenue $5,487,178 (99.9% contributions), expenses $2,558,086, net assets $3,100,591, after FY2024 revenue $2,238,292, expenses $3,152,152 and net assets of $171,499. Ratings: CN 65, two stars, 1 of 4 beacons. Controversy, primary and confirmed by me from the audit PDF: GEMS's FY2023 audited statements (10 May 2024) carry a "Substantial Doubt About the Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern" paragraph; Note 11 cites "loss of substantial funding, delayed payments from existing grants, and loss of key development staff", "additional losses totaling over $600,000 during FY24", and states that "in February of 2024, GEMS' long-term Executive Director stepped down and an interim CEO was hired." The FY2025 figures show a recovery on paper; later audits are not posted and current leadership could not be established. No misconduct found. [S112, S115] Flag for the page: the Do page names GEMS without caveat and GEMS publishes the least outcome data of the three; either say "survivor-founded, rebuilding after a 2024 funding crisis" or list it below the other two.

6. The Freedom Fund (EIN 30-0805768; UK company 08926428, charity 1158838). Operating: yes; CEO Havovi Wadia succeeds Nick Grono on 1 Dec 2026; second MacKenzie Scott gift Nov 2025. Filing: FY2024 (filed 6 Nov 2025) revenue $19,705,081, expenses $22,789,774, net assets $36,389,783; UK accounts to 31 Dec 2025 filed. Ratings: CN 100%, four stars, 1 of 4 beacons; Giving What We Can holds a 2016 research report (flagged by GWWC as no longer updated) that calls cost-effectiveness possibly "very high" but "significantly lower than the most cost-effective public health interventions", finds "$657 per slave liberated in India" "roughly plausible", and notes the absence of randomised evaluations. Controversy: none found. [S113] This is the only organisation on the pages with any evaluator write-up and with independent prevalence research (A4).

7. The Exodus Road (EIN 46-1384815). Operating: yes (operation reports to Oct 2026). Filing: FY2025 (filed 12 Jun 2026) revenue $6,862,146 (up 85% on 2024, unexplained on pages read), expenses $3,844,104, net assets $3,574,762. Ratings: CN 98%, four stars, 4 of 4 beacons; Candid Platinum 2026. Controversy: none in the window; in 2021 Global Observer reported a former investigator's allegations of assault and harassment at a 2017 staff retreat, and the organisation's own Feb 2021 release said an investigation "found incidents of inappropriate sexual humor". No independent evaluation of results found. [S114]

8. International Justice Mission (EIN 54-1722887). Operating: yes (FY Mar 2025 990 filed Jan 2026; ijm.org blocked). Filing: FYE 31 Mar 2025 revenue $129,931,939, expenses $111,722,536, net assets $58,214,201. Ratings: CN 97%, four stars, 1 of 4 beacons. Controversy: none in the window; Jul 2023 BBC Africa Eye alleged that Ghanaian children were wrongly taken in IJM-backed raids and that staff worked to rescue "quotas" (unread, BBC blocked); a Ghanaian MP asked the National Security Ministry to investigate (Starr FM, 12 Jul 2023, read). Its prevalence studies were not read today. [S116]

9. NCMEC (EIN 52-1328557). Operating: yes. Filing: FY2025 (filed 18 Jun 2026) revenue $66,813,108, expenses $62,756,502, net assets $83,655,346; 552 employees; government grants $50,280,968 (75% of revenue); CEO compensation $521,550. Ratings: CN four stars, 4 of 4 beacons (score reads 99% in the page layout; treat as likely). Critique, primary: Stanford Internet Observatory, 22 Apr 2024, from 66 interviews: the CyberTipline took 36,210,368 reports in 2023, "only 49% of all 2022 reports were actionable", officers "struggle to triage and prioritize", platforms file incomplete reports and memes, NCMEC "lacks sufficient technical staff" and loses staff to industry, and the problems "will be massively multiplied by the coming wave of unique, AI-generated CSAM"; NCMEC's response the same day called the recommendations "creative" and disputed nothing; Congress then passed the REPORT Act (P.L. 118-59, 7 May 2024: one-year retention, mandatory reporting of trafficking and enticement). Controversy in the window: in Feb 2025 DOJ, "our grantor", directed NCMEC to bring its public materials into line with an executive order on gender, and NCMEC removed references to transgender people (NBC, 7 Feb 2025); a Mar 2026 Grassley letter seeking unredacted CyberTipline data is unread. [S117] For the page: the CyberTipline is the statutory channel; there is no alternative, and the Stanford findings argue for reporting with specifics.

10. Coalition of Immokalee Workers (EIN 65-0641010) and Fair Food Standards Council (EIN 45-2982573). Operating: yes (CIW news to Oct 2026: nursery-worker initiative; Kroger and Publix named as holdouts; the Wendy's boycott "continues to this day"). Filing: CIW FY2024 revenue $4,069,362, expenses $3,136,409, net assets $7,310,559; FFSC FY2024 revenue $7,264,003 (from $1,158,670 in 2023), expenses $3,931,000, net assets $3,664,287. Ratings: CN 94%, four stars, 1 of 4 beacons for both; Candid Gold 2025 (CIW). Scope: FFSC's site says "as of 2025, the FFP is present in 22 states" while CIW says "23 states and counting"; keep both. Controversy: none found. [S118]

11. Big Brothers Big Sisters of New York City (EIN 13-5600383). Operating: yes (events to Dec 2026). Filing: FYE 30 Jun 2025 revenue $9,266,911, expenses $10,956,230, net assets $7,838,522; deficits of $1.3M, $1.7M and $1.7M over FY2023–FY2025; net assets down from $12,527,466 (FY2022). Ratings: CN 91, four stars, 1 of 4 beacons (FY2025). Controversy: none; a CEO change in Aug 2024 (Alicia Guevara out; Andrew Lipman interim; Michael Coughlin now executive director) with no reason given. [S119]

12. Walk Free / Minderoo Foundation (Perth; Minderoo Foundation Limited, ACN 651 422 141, trustee of the Minderoo Foundation Trust, ABN 24 819 440 618). Operating: yes; the latest Global Slavery Index is the 2023 edition and no next edition is announced. Methodology critiques: Gallagher 2017 (Anti-Trafficking Review 8: "the conspicuous lack of critical engagement with the Index"; "metrics-focused strategic philanthropy"); Guth et al. 2014 ("significant and critical weaknesses" in methods, replicability and validity); Walby & Francis 2024 (Social Indicators Research) on the joint ILO/Walk Free/IOM estimates: "experimental and tentative, rather than robust", with their own re-estimate "more than 30% larger". Minderoo: about 100 of roughly 350 roles cut or changed in Apr 2024; the Forrests stepped down as co-chairs in Oct 2024 (remain directors); no 2024–2026 lawsuit or regulator action found. Australian filings unreachable. [S120] For the page: the 49.6 million figure is a modelled, contested estimate; the Learn page already says "modelled"; add "contested" with the Walby & Francis citation.

13. ILO and IOM. No new edition of the Global Estimates after the 2022 edition (2021 data); the ILO posted a methodology companion dated 9 Oct 2025; its forced-labour page still cites the 2022 figures. [S121]

14. Not on the pages, and why they should stay off.

• Operation Underground Railroad / Our Rescue (EIN 46-3614979): revenue fell from $50,417,913 (2023) to $35,421,220 (2025) with expenses above revenue in 2024 and 2025; CN 96%, four stars, 3 of 4 beacons, but with a standing alert, "Proceed with Caution: Reported Other Material Investigation". Founder Tim Ballard resigned in Jun 2023 after allegations he coerced women on missions; the organisation's own law-firm review found he "engaged in unprofessional behavior that violated OUR's policies and values"; the LDS Church called his conduct "morally unacceptable"; several civil suits were dismissed (two in 2024–2025 on procedural grounds), one state suit by five women was pending in Apr 2026; three Utah prosecutors declined to bring charges (Davis County 2023; Salt Lake County Nov 2025, unread; Utah County Jan 2026). In Aug 2026 HHS/ORR awarded Our Rescue a no-bid contract for legal services to unaccompanied children ($244,034,658 per The American Prospect; $158 million per a Washington Post headline, unread). [S122] news; primary via CN alert
• Thorn (EIN 27-0943677): revenue $16,355,617 (2024) with expenses above revenue for three years and net assets down from $44.5M to $30.5M; CN 90%, four stars, 1 of 4 beacons. Ashton Kutcher resigned as board chair in Sep 2023 over his letter supporting Danny Masterson; investigative reporting in 2023 (BIRN; Follow the Money) documented Thorn's EU lobbying while selling detection software ("Safer" subscription revenue $3.8M in 2021) and an unverified "99 percent" accuracy figure in Commission documents; the European Ombudsman found maladministration by Europol (21 Feb 2025) over a staff move to Thorn. This review uses Thorn's 2024 sextortion data (S100) as data, not as an endorsement. [S123] news; primary (Ombudsman decision)

Stronger-evidence organisations doing the same job. For survivor services in New York: none with an independent evaluation; Restore NYC publishes the most outcome tracking, Sanctuary for Families the largest service volume and legal-aid capacity. For global anti-slavery giving: the Freedom Fund is the only one here with independent prevalence research and an evaluator write-up (stale), and it also funds the Re:Structure Lab work cited in A6, which should be disclosed where that work is cited. For investigations-and-rescue (TER, IJM): no organisation of that type has an independent outcome evaluation that anyone in this session could read; the worker-driven and survivor-service routes have the better external scrutiny. For the hotline and CyberTipline: statutory channels; no alternative exists. For hotline-adjacent policy (consent, no mandatory tipline): the National Survivor Network and Freedom Network USA are the survivor-led and coalition voices the pages can cite.

Other organisations relied on in this review (not on the pages): National Survivor Network and Freedom Network USA, operating, positions as cited [S26–S28, S60]; Centro de los Derechos del Migrante (Contratados), operating, no figures [S15]; Migrant Justice / Milk with Dignity, operating, own figures [S54].

---

E. Time: what goes stale, and when

• Hotline statistics page: live; carries a "retrieved April 22, 2025" note inconsistent with its full-year 2025 totals; re-check each January [S9].
• Hotline operator and policy text: compare against the 25 Apr 2025 archive again at the January re-check [S19, S21]. HHS requires the operator to produce a "law enforcement engagement plan" that standardises tip-sharing [S86]; the published confidentiality text may change once it exists. Grassley's December 2025 letter to Compass Connections remains unread.
• HHS/ACF hotline data page is fiscal-year and updated after each fiscal year; FY2026 figures should appear late 2026 or early 2027 [S78].
• School prevention: the Not a Number cluster RCT (NCT07503912) is due to complete September 2027; it is the first trial with exploitation as the outcome [S97].
• T-visa data: USCIS posts quarterly; FY2026 Q4 should appear around October–November 2026 [S35]. ICWC v. Noem is a stay, not a final judgment [S36].
• FNUSA's funding figures are as of March 2026; the July 2026 grant start may have changed the picture [S28].
• FFP: 2025 State of the Program report due in 2026; buyer list is live [S48, S49].
• CBP's 2021 social-audit statement is no longer on CBP's FAQ page; cite it as 2021 [S50, S51].
• IC3 publishes each spring; the 2025 report is current [S31].

---

F. Sources

All fetched 2026-11-05 unless stated. "Local extract" means the PDF was downloaded with curl and read with pdftotext.

• S1. Szablewska N., Kubacki K., "Anti-Human Trafficking Campaigns: A Systematic Literature Review", Social Marketing Quarterly 24(2), 2018. Abstract via Crossref: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177/1524500418771611 — research.
• S2. Kiss L., Zimmerman C., "Human trafficking and labor exploitation: Toward identifying, implementing, and evaluating effective responses", PLOS Medicine 16(1): e1002740, 29 Jan 2019. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002740 — research (editorial).
• S3. Bryant K., Landman T., "Combatting Human Trafficking since Palermo: What Do We Know about What Works?", Journal of Human Trafficking 6(2), 2020. Abstract via OpenAlex: https://api.openalex.org/works/doi:10.1080/23322705.2020.1690097 — research.
• S4. Zimmerman C., Mak J., Pocock N.S., Kiss L., "Human Trafficking: Results of a 5-Year Theory-Based Evaluation of Interventions to Prevent Trafficking of Women From South Asia", Frontiers in Public Health 9, 17 May 2021. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.645059/full — research.
• S5. Pocock N.S., Kiss L., Dash M., Mak J., Zimmerman C., "Challenges to pre-migration interventions to prevent human trafficking: Results from a before-and-after learning assessment of training for prospective female migrants in Odisha, India", PLOS ONE, 17 Sep 2020. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0238778 — research.
• S6. Birks J., Gardner A., "Introducing the Slave Next Door", Anti-Trafficking Review 13, 2019. https://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/407 — research.
• S7. Olayiwola P., "'Killing the Tree by Cutting the Foliage Instead of Uprooting It?' Rethinking awareness campaigns as a response to trafficking in South-West Nigeria", Anti-Trafficking Review 13, 2019. https://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/406 — research.
• S8. Martin L., Hill A., "Debunking the Myth of 'Super Bowl Sex Trafficking'", Anti-Trafficking Review 13, 2019. https://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/404 — research.
• S9. National Human Trafficking Hotline, Statistics (2025 data). https://humantraffickinghotline.org/en/statistics — primary.
• S10. Fraley H.E., Aronowitz T., Stoklosa H.M., "Systematic Review of Human Trafficking Educational Interventions for Health Care Providers", Western Journal of Nursing Research 42(2), 2020. Abstract via Crossref: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177/0193945919837366 — research.
• S11. Shadowen C., Beaverson S., Rigby F.B., "Human Trafficking Education for Emergency Department Providers", Anti-Trafficking Review 17, 2021. https://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/575 — research.
• S12. NextShark, 21 Dec 2017, "Arizona Dad Accused of Human Trafficking by Southwest Airlines Because Adopted Daughter is Asian". https://nextshark.com/brian-smith-arizona-dad-accused-of-human-trafficking-because-adopted-daughter-is-asian ; ABC15 (KNXV) report by Kim Tobin, https://www.abc15.com/news/region-southeast-valley/tempe/tempe-man-accused-of-human-trafficking-by-airlines-after-flying-home-with-teenage-daughter — news.
• S13. Jalopnik, 9 Nov 2021, citing the Washington Post of 8 Nov 2021, on Mary MacCarthy and Southwest Airlines. https://jalopnik.com/a-southwest-airlines-flight-attendant-fasley-accused-a-1848019643 — news.
• S14. Denver7, "Black Aurora woman questioned for trafficking white sister at Dallas airport" (undated page; incident about 2021). https://www.denver7.com/news/local-news/black-aurora-woman-questioned-for-trafficking-white-sister-at-dallas-airport ; Black Enterprise (page shows "5 years ago"), https://www.blackenterprise.com/frontier-airlines-suspected-lakeyjanay-bailey-of-human-trafficking-her-adopted-sister/amp/ — news.
• S15. Contratados (Centro de los Derechos del Migrante). https://contratados.org/ — programme's own.
• S16. National Human Trafficking Hotline, "When You Reach Us" (operator footer: Compass Connections). https://humantraffickinghotline.org/en/when-you-reach-us — primary.
• S17. National Human Trafficking Hotline, Hotline FAQs. https://humantraffickinghotline.org/en/about-us/hotline-faqs — primary.
• S18. Polaris, Labor Trafficking on Specific Temporary Work Visas: A Data Analysis 2018–2020 (PDF uploaded July 2022; local extract). https://polarisproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Labor-Trafficking-on-Specific-Temporary-Work-Visas-by-Polaris.pdf — charity's own analysis of hotline data.
• S19. Wayback Machine snapshot of the hotline Confidentiality Policy, 25 Apr 2025 (operator footer: Polaris; funding footer $5M). http://web.archive.org/web/20250425050714id_/https://humantraffickinghotline.org/en/confidentiality-policy (fetched with curl) — primary (archived).
• S20. Wayback Machine snapshot of "When You Reach Us", 20 Mar 2025. http://web.archive.org/web/20250320173043id_/https://humantraffickinghotline.org/en/when-you-reach-us (fetched with curl) — primary (archived).
• S21. National Human Trafficking Hotline, Confidentiality Policy (today). https://humantraffickinghotline.org/en/confidentiality-policy ; About Us, https://humantraffickinghotline.org/en/about-us — primary.
• S22. HigherGov record of HHS award 90ZV0148 to Compass Connections. https://www.highergov.com/grant/90ZV0148 — primary (federal award data via aggregator). HHS/ACF's own release, https://acf.gov/media/press/2025/hhs-invests-35-million-human-trafficking , returned 403 twice — unread.
• S23. Polaris, "Polaris Announces Successful Transfer of Hotline Operations to Compass Connections", 8 Dec 2025. https://polarisproject.org/press-releases/polaris-announces-successful-transfer-of-hotline-operations-to-compass-connections/ — charity's own.
• S24. Compass Connections. https://www.compassconnections.org/ — primary (organisation's own site).
• S25. National Association of Attorneys General, "41 state and territory attorneys general urges enhanced cooperation from national human trafficking hotline operator", 16 Apr 2025. https://www.naag.org/press-releases/41-state-and-territory-attorneys-general-urges-enhanced-cooperation-from-national-human-trafficking-hotline-operator/ — primary.
• S26. National Survivor Network, letter to congressional leaders "Re: National Human Trafficking Hotline reports", 3 Mar 2023 (local extract). https://nationalsurvivornetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-A-victim-centered-hotline.pdf — charity's own (survivor-led).
• S27. National Survivor Network, "HR2601 Hotline Bill Would Harm Trafficking Survivors", 8 Sep 2023. https://nationalsurvivornetwork.org/document/hr2601/ — charity's own (survivor-led).
• S28. Freedom Network USA, Flying in the Face of Survivors: How the Trump Administration Dismantled Anti-Trafficking Services and Threatened Survivors in 2025, March 2026 (local extract). https://freedomnetworkusa.org/app/uploads/2026/03/Flying-in-the-Face-of-Survivors-2025-FNUSA-HT-Policy-Report.pdf — charity's own (coalition report).
• S29. Polaris, "Statement on the Future of the National Human Trafficking Hotline", 22 Sep 2025. https://polarisproject.org/press-releases/polaris-issues-statement-on-the-future-of-the-national-human-trafficking-hotline/ — charity's own.
• S30. Empower Oversight repost (26 Sep 2025) of National Review, "Trump Administration Overhauls Human Trafficking Hotline After Biden-Era Dysfunction". https://empowr.us/national-review-trump-administration-overhauls-human-trafficking-hotline-after-biden-era-dysfunction/ — news (repost; allegations). The Daily Signal, 22 Sep 2025, https://www.dailysignal.com/2025/09/22/exclusive-trumps-hhs-revamps-human-trafficking-hotline-after-biden-admins-provider-missed-calls/ , returned 403 — unread.
• S31. FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center, 2025 Internet Crime Report (local extract). https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2025_IC3Report.pdf — primary.
• S32. Dell N.A., Maynard B.R., Born K.R., Wagner E., Atkins B., House W., "Helping Survivors of Human Trafficking: A Systematic Review of Exit and Postexit Interventions", Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 20(2), 2019 (online 2017). Abstract via Crossref: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177/1524838017692553 — research.
• S33. Rothman E.F., Preis S.R., Bright K., Paruk J., Bair-Merritt M., Farrell A., "A longitudinal evaluation of a survivor-mentor program for child survivors of sex trafficking in the United States", Child Abuse & Neglect 100, 2020. Abstract via Europe PMC: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:31358352&resultType=core&format=json — research.
• S34. Freedom Network USA, "Preliminary Injunction in FNUSA v. Trump is a Win for Trafficking Survivors", 24 Mar 2026. https://freedomnetworkusa.org/2026/03/24/preliminary-injunction-in-fnusa-v-trump-is-a-win-for-trafficking-survivors/ — charity's own (court opinion not read).
• S35. USCIS, "Number of Form I-914, Application for T Nonimmigrant Status, by Fiscal Year, Quarter, and Case Status, Fiscal Years 2008–2026" (FY2026 Q3; database queried 7/2026; local parse of the XLSX). https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/data/i914t_visastatistics_fy2026_q3_v1.xlsx — primary.
• S36. The Advocates for Human Rights, "Trafficking & T-Visas: Volunteer Attorney Practice Update", June 2026 (local extract). https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/res/Trafficking%20and%20T%20visas%20-%20June%202026%202.pdf — charity's own (legal practice note).
• S37. Rep. Sydney Kamlager-Dove, "Kamlager-Dove, Democratic Women's Caucus Demand DHS Reinstate Protections", 15 Jan 2026. https://kamlager-dove.house.gov/media/press-releases/kamlager-dove-democratic-womens-caucus-demand-dhs-reinstate-protections — primary.
• S38. Spectrum News, "Dems demand DHS stop deporting visa applicants claiming to be crime victims", 15 Jan 2026. https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/watertown/politics/2026/01/15/dems-demand-dhs-stop-deporting-visa-applicants-claiming-to-be-crime-victims — news.
• S39. Sanctuary for Families, home and "Impact & Results". https://sanctuaryforfamilies.org/ ; https://sanctuaryforfamilies.org/impact/impact-and-results/ — charity's own.
• S40. Sanctuary for Families, "Evaluation". https://sanctuaryforfamilies.org/impact/evaluation/ — charity's own.
• S41. Restore NYC, "Our Impact" (data "accurate as of September 30, 2024"). https://restorenyc.org/our-impact/ — charity's own.
• S42. GEMS, home and "What We Do". https://www.gems-girls.org/ ; https://www.gems-girls.org/what-we-do — charity's own.
• S43. The Freedom Fund, Impact and Global Metrics (January 2014–June 2026). https://www.freedomfund.org/impact/ ; https://www.freedomfund.org/impact/global-metrics/ — charity's own.
• S44. The Freedom Fund, Impact Report 2025–2026 (local extract). https://cdn.freedomfund.org/app/uploads/2026/05/impactreport2025-26-2.pdf — charity's own.
• S45. Oosterhoff P. et al., Participatory Statistics to Measure Prevalence in Bonded Labour Hotspots in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar: Findings of the Base- and Endline Study, IDS, 13 Aug 2019 (listing read; PDF blocked). https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/participatory-statistics-to-measure-prevalence-in-bonded-labour-hotspots-in-uttar-pradesh-and-bihar-findings-of-the-base-and-endline-study/ — research (abstract not read). Headline figures (56% to 11%) from a search summary — unread.
• S46. The Freedom Fund, "Qualitative Feedback on Freedom Fund's Interventions in Northern India", 31 Jan 2020. https://www.freedomfund.org/?p=5422 — charity's own.
• S47. Finkelhor D., Walsh K., Jones L., Mitchell K., Collier A., "Youth Internet Safety Education: Aligning Programs With the Evidence Base", Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 22(5), 2021 (online 3 Apr 2020). Abstract via Crossref: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177/1524838020916257 — research.
• S48. Fair Food Standards Council, Fair Food Program 2024 State of the Program Report (© 2025; local extract). https://fairfoodprogram.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/FFP-2024-SOTP-DIGITAL-2.pdf ; fact sheet "The Power of Prevention", https://www.fairfoodstandards.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/The-Power-of-Prevention.pdf — programme's own figures.
• S49. Fair Food Program, Participating Buyers. https://fairfoodprogram.org/buyers/ — programme's own.
• S50. Baker McKenzie Global Supply Chain Compliance blog, "US Customs and Border Protection Issues FAQs on Forced Labor…", 1 Sep 2021 (summarising CBP's Trade Week FAQs of 31 Aug 2021). https://supplychaincompliance.bakermckenzie.com/?p=600 — news (law-firm summary).
• S51. CBP, Forced Labor Frequently Asked Questions (last modified 28 Jan 2026). https://www.cbp.gov/trade/forced-labor/frequently-asked-questions — primary.
• S52. Re:Structure Lab (LeBaron G., Rühmkorf A., Brunner J., deBaca L.C., Soundararajan V., Fisher P.), Forced Labour Evidence Brief: Social Auditing and Ethical Certification, Stanford/Simon Fraser/Yale, July 2022 (local extract from a copy hosted by The Outlaw Ocean Project). https://cdn.theoutlawocean.com/investigations/china/pdf/ReStructureLab_SocialAuditingandEthicalCertification_July2022.pdf — research (evidence brief; funded by Humanity United and the Freedom Fund).
• S53. Anti-Slavery International, "Social auditing inadequate: why we need worker-led solutions", 16 Feb 2022. https://www.antislavery.org/social-auditing-inadequate-why-we-need-worker-led-solutions/ — charity's own.
• S54. Milk with Dignity Standards Council, Impact. https://milkwithdignity.org/impact — programme's own.
• S55. Fair Food Program, "FFP Label and Marketing". https://fairfoodprogram.org/marketing — programme's own.
• S56. Fair Food Program, "How Consumers Can Get Involved". https://fairfoodprogram.org/consumers — programme's own.
• S57. Raposa E.B. et al., "The Effects of Youth Mentoring Programs: A Meta-analysis of Outcome Studies", Journal of Youth and Adolescence 48(3), 2019. Abstract via Europe PMC: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=EXT_ID:30661211&resultType=core&format=json — research.
• S58. Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, "Impact" (summary of the 1995 Public/Private Ventures trial). https://www.bbbs.org/impact/ — charity's own summary of research.
• S59. GAATW, Collateral Damage: The Impact of Anti-Trafficking Measures on Human Rights around the World, 18 Dec 2007 (local extract). https://gaatw.org/Collateral_Damage_Final/singlefile_CollateralDamagefinal.pdf ; listing https://gaatw.org/resources/publications/908-collateral-damage-the-impact-of-anti-trafficking-measures-on-human-rights-around-the-world — charity's own (NGO research).
• S60. National Survivor Network, Highlights from Care, Self-Determination, and Safety: A Community-Centered, Public Health Approach to Preventing Human Trafficking, 2023 (local extract). https://nationalsurvivornetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Highlights-from-Care-Self-Determination-and-Safety.pdf — charity's own (survivor-led).
• S61. Human Rights Watch, Off the Streets: Arbitrary Detention and Other Abuses against Sex Workers in Cambodia, 19 Jul 2010. https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/07/19/streets/arbitrary-detention-and-other-abuses-against-sex-workers-cambodia — charity's own (HRW investigation).
• S62. Dasgupta S., "Of Raids and Returns: Sex work movement, police oppression, and the politics of the ordinary in Sonagachi, India", Anti-Trafficking Review 12, 2019. https://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/381 — research.
• S63. Lam E., Lepp A., "Butterfly: Resisting the harms of anti-trafficking policies and fostering peer-based organising in Canada", Anti-Trafficking Review 12, 2019. https://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/379 — research.
• S64. Shih E., Manufacturing Freedom: Sex Work, Anti-Trafficking Rehab, and the Racial Wages of Rescue, University of California Press, 2023; description read at Duke University event page. https://aaas.duke.edu/events/book-talk-professor-elena-shih — research (monograph; publisher page 404 today).
• S65. Red Canary Song. https://www.redcanarysong.net/ — charity's own.
• S66. GAO, Sex Trafficking: Online Platforms and Federal Prosecutions, GAO-21-385, 21 Jun 2021. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-385 — primary.
• S67. Anti-Trafficking Review, issue archive and issue 13, 12 and 17 tables of contents. https://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/issue/archive — research (index).
• S68. GiveWell, Top Charities (last updated October 2026): none address trafficking. https://www.givewell.org/charities/top-charities — primary (evaluator's own page).
• S69. Founders Pledge, Research: no trafficking or forced-labour report visible. https://www.founderspledge.com/research — primary (evaluator's own page). Open Philanthropy's focus page redirects to https://coefficientgiving.org/funds (403) — unread.
• S70. Immigrant Legal Resource Center, "Risks of Filing Affirmative T Visa Applications Under the Current NTA Memo", 19 Nov 2020 (background on the 2018 NTA policy). https://www.ilrc.org/node/2199 — charity's own (legal advisory).
• S71. source/research/trafficking.md (this repo), fetched earlier on 2026-11-05 by the previous pass: UNODC GLOTIP 2024, ILO/Walk Free/IOM 2022 estimates, 2025 and 2026 TIP reports, hotline signs/myths pages, Charity Navigator profiles. Not re-fetched in this review.

Sources found by the awareness/hotline agent (all fetched 2026-11-05 by that agent; S78, S86 and S87 were re-downloaded with curl in the main session and the quoted figures and phrases confirmed; the rest are as the agent reported them)

• S72. van der Laan P., Smit M., Busschers I., Aarten P., "Cross-border Trafficking in Human Beings: Prevention and Intervention Strategies for Reducing Sexual Exploitation", Campbell Systematic Reviews 7(1), 2011. Abstract: https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:wly:camsys:v:7:y:2011:i:1:p:1-50 — research.
• S73. Davy D., "Anti–Human Trafficking Interventions: How Do We Know if They Are Working?", American Journal of Evaluation 37(4), 2016. Abstract via Crossref: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1177/1098214016630615 — research.
• S74. Bryant & Landman 2020, full text: https://respect.international/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Combatting-Human-Trafficking-since-Palermo-What-Do-We-Know-about-What-Works.pdf — research.
• S75. Scottish Government, Preventing human trafficking and exploitation: evidence review, 23 Jun 2025. https://www.gov.scot/publications/preventing-human-trafficking-exploitation-evidence-review/ — primary (government evidence review).
• S76. Weaver M.M., Nagy H., Hansen A., Szauter K., "A Systematic Review Examining Methods of Human-Trafficking Training for Healthcare Professionals", Medical Science Educator 35(6), 2025. https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/publications/a-systematic-review-examining-methods-of-human-trafficking-traini/ — research.
• S77. LSHTM SWiFT: Nepal Briefing Note 2, May 2017, https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/files/swift-nepal_briefing_2_2017.pdf ; Asia Regional Briefing Note 1, May 2018, https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/swift-asia-regional-briefing.pdf ; Kiss L., Mak J., Sijapati B. et al., South Asia Work in Freedom Three-Country Evaluation, Feb 2019, https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/files/SWIFT-Report-on-a-three-country-theory-based-evaluation-to-promote-safer-migration.pdf ; Mak J., Kiss L., Zimmerman C., Pathways to prevent labour exploitation in Nepal, 2019, https://ceslam.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Swift-evaluation-nepal-research-report-pathways-to-prevent-labour-exploitation-2019.pdf ; Zimmerman et al. 2021 full text, https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10135386/1/fpubh-09-645059.pdf — research (grey and peer-reviewed).
• S78. HHS Administration for Children and Families, Office on Trafficking in Persons, "National Human Trafficking Hotline data" (fiscal-year performance data; downloaded directly). https://acf.gov/otip/research-policy/data/nhth-data — primary.
• S79. Polaris blog, "The 2024 Hotline data is here…", 12 Jun 2025. https://polarisproject.org/blog/2025/06/the-2024-hotline-data-is-here-and-it-tells-a-story-of-hope-resilience-and-action/ — charity's own.
• S80. NAAG, "Attorneys General Call on Congress to Improve Federal-State Cooperation to End Human Trafficking", 27 Feb 2023. https://www.naag.org/press-releases/attorneys-general-call-on-congress-to-improve-federal-state-cooperation-to-end-human-trafficking/ — primary.
• S81. South Florida Sun-Sentinel via Yahoo News, "Human Trafficking Hotline fails to report tips to law enforcement, state attorneys general say", updated 1 Mar 2023. https://www.yahoo.com/news/human-trafficking-hotline-fails-report-230300249.html — news.
• S82. Polaris, "Statement on Concerns Related to the National Human Trafficking Hotline", 1 Mar 2023. https://polarisproject.org/press-releases/polariss-statement-on-concerns-related-to-the-national-human-trafficking-hotline/ — charity's own.
• S83. Polaris, "Polaris Stands Against the National Human Trafficking Hotline Enhancement Act (H.R. 2601)", 29 Nov 2023. https://polarisproject.org/press-releases/polaris-stands-against-the-national-human-trafficking-hotline-enhancement-act-h-r-2601/ — charity's own.
• S84. Letter of 41 attorneys general to HHS Secretary Kennedy, 15 Apr 2025 (full text). https://ncdoj.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/National-Human-Trafficking-Hotline_FINAL.pdf — primary.
• S85. Senate Judiciary Committee, "Grassley Scrutinizes HHS Contractor for Failure to Report Human Trafficking Cases on Taxpayer-Funded Hotline", 5 May 2025. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/press/rep/releases/grassley-scrutinizes-hhs-contractor-for-failure-to-report-human-trafficking-cases-on-taxpayer-funded-hotline — primary (allegations relayed). Floor remarks on an HHS audit of 294 cases — unread.
• S86. HHS/ACF, "HHS Invests $35 Million to Bolster National Human Trafficking Hotline and Protect Survivors", 22 Sep 2025 (downloaded directly). https://acf.gov/media/press/2025/hhs-invests-35-million-human-trafficking — primary.
• S87. Feeney H., Charm S., Hardison Walters J., Krieger K. (RTI International), Evaluation of the National Human Trafficking Hotline: Contactor Help Seeking and Hotline Response Brief, OPRE Brief 2023-316, Dec 2023. https://acf.gov/opre/report/evaluation-national-human-trafficking-hotline-contactor-help-seeking-and-hotline ; PDF https://acf.gov/sites/default/files/documents/opre/opre-NHTH-HelpSeekingBrief-April2024.pdf — primary.
• S88. Polaris, "A Proven Partner", 20 Aug 2025. https://polarisproject.org/?p=19473 — charity's own.
• S89. Ham J. / GAATW, What's the Cost of a Rumour? A guide to sorting out the myths and the facts about sporting events and trafficking, 2011. https://documentation.lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/WhatstheCostofaRumour.pdf ; GAATW, "Super Bowl? Or Super Hyperbole?", 1 Feb 2014, https://www.gaatw.org/news/761-super-bowl-or-super-hyperbole — charity's own research.
• S90. Polaris, "Statement on Wayfair Sex Trafficking Claims", 20 Jul 2020. https://polarisproject.org/press-releases/polaris-statement-on-wayfair-sex-trafficking-claims/ — charity's own.
• S91. PolitiFact, 15 Nov 2019, https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2019/nov/15/facebook-posts/no-sex-traffickers-arent-using-zip-ties-mark-victi/ ; Lead Stories, 14 Nov 2022, https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2022/11/fact-check-assailants-not-using-zip-ties-to-target-women-in-college-station-texas.html ; Polaris myths page https://polarisproject.org/myths-facts-and-statistics/ — news; charity's own.
• S92. Chisolm-Straker M. et al., "Validation of a screening tool for labor and sex trafficking among emergency department patients", JACEP Open 2(5), 2021 (PMID 34667976, via Europe PMC) — research.
• S93. AHLA, "Human Trafficking", https://www.ahla.com/issues/human-trafficking ; BEST, "Inhospitable to Human Trafficking: Project Outcomes" (2019 ASU evaluation summary, hosted by AAHOA), https://aahoa.com/public/storage/2024/04/19/cms/itt-project-outcomes-2019-1.pdf ; Lubischer, Gabel & Harder (UNO STEPs, 2019), https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/step_reports/4 — industry's own figures; research (grey).
• S94. FreightWaves, "CVSA Human Trafficking Awareness Week kicks off", 12 Jan 2026, https://www.freightwaves.com/news/cvsa-human-trafficking-awareness-week-kicks-off ; NBC News, 26 Jan 2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/truckers-fighting-human-trafficking-are-trained-be-alert-late-night-n1120661 ; Truckers Against Trafficking homepage https://tatnonprofit.org/ (counters render as 0; annual-report PDFs 404) — news carrying the charity's own figures.
• S95. Washington Post via Boston.com, 8 Nov 2021 (Julian Mark), https://www.boston.com/news/national-news/2021/11/08/mother-suspected-of-human-trafficking-boarding-southwest-flight-with-daughter/ ; Live and Let's Fly, 13 May 2023, https://liveandletsfly.com/human-trafficking-american-airlines ; Airline Ambassadors https://airlineamb.org/ — news; blog; charity's own.
• S96. Rothman E.F., Farrell A., Paruk J., Bright K., Bair-Merritt M., "Evaluation of a multi-session group designed to prevent commercial sexual exploitation of minors: The 'My Life My Choice' curriculum", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2019 (NCJ 254022). https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/evaluation-multi-session-group-designed-prevent-commercial-sexual — research.
• S97. Jones L.M., O'Brien J.E., Graham S.E., "Building the Evidence on Preventing Youth Commercial Sexual Exploitation: A Nonrandomized, Quasi-experimental Evaluation of the Not a Number Trafficking Prevention Program", Journal of Interpersonal Violence 41(11–12), 2026 (PMID 40417985, via Europe PMC) — research; Love146, 18 Jul 2025, https://love146.org/houston-students-at-the-forefront-of-new-trafficking-prevention-breakthrough/ — charity's own; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07503912 (via API) — primary (registry).
• S98. DHS Blue Campaign. https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign — primary (no statistics or evaluation on the site).
• S99. Finkelhor D., Jones L., Mitchell K., "Teaching privacy: A flawed strategy for children's online safety", Child Abuse & Neglect 117, 2021 (PMID 33838395) — research.
• S100. Thorn and NCMEC, Trends in Financial Sextortion, June 2024. https://info.thorn.org/hubfs/Research/Thorn_TrendsInFinancialSextortion_June2024.pdf — charity research on NCMEC data.
• S101. NCMEC, CyberTipline data (2025), https://www.missingkids.org/gethelpnow/cybertipline/cybertiplinedata ; Impact, https://www.missingkids.org/ourwork/impact.html ; 2024 CyberTipline Report, https://www.missingkids.org/content/dam/missingkids/pdfs/2024-cybertipline-report.pdf — charity's own.
• S102. FBI IC3, 2024 Internet Crime Report. https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2024_IC3Report.pdf — primary (also downloaded in this session).
• S103. Wolak J., Finkelhor D., Walsh W., Treitman L., "Sextortion of Minors: Characteristics and Dynamics", Journal of Adolescent Health 62(1), 2018 (PMID 29055647) — research; Wolak J., Finkelhor D., Sextortion: Findings from a Survey of 1,631 Victims, CCRC/Thorn, 2016, https://www.thorn.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Sextortion_Report.pdf — research (grey); Thorn, Sextortion: Summary findings from a 2017 survey of 2,097 survivors, 2019, https://www.thorn.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sextortion_Wave2Report_121919.pdf — charity's own survey; Patchin J.W., Hinduja S., "Sextortion Among Adolescents", Sexual Abuse 32(1), 2020 (PMID 30264657) — research.
• S104. GAO-26-107901, 11 Jun 2026. https://files.gao.gov/reports/GAO-26-107901/index.html — primary.

G. Sources found by the organisation-check agent (all read 2026-11-05 by that agent unless marked; S106 and S115 re-downloaded and confirmed in the main session)

• S105. Evaluator pages: GiveWell site search for "trafficking", https://www.givewell.org/search/node?keys=trafficking ; The Life You Can Save, https://www.thelifeyoucansave.org/best-charities/ ; Giving Green, https://www.givinggreen.earth/ ; Giving What We Can, Freedom Fund report (9 Feb 2016), https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/report/freedom-fund — primary (evaluators' own pages).
• S106. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer: Polaris https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/030391561 ; Compass Connections https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/461394166 ; BCFS Health and Human Services https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/741260710 ; Sanctuary for Families https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133193119 ; Restore NYC https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/202390142 ; GEMS https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/134150972 ; Freedom Fund https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/300805768 ; The Exodus Road https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/461384815 ; IJM https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/541722887 ; NCMEC https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/521328557 ; CIW https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/650641010 ; FFSC https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/452982573 ; BBBS NYC https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/135600383 ; Our Rescue https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/463614979 ; Thorn https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/270943677 — primary (IRS filings via aggregator). Charity Navigator profiles at https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/<EIN>; for the same EINs — rating (evaluator's own page). GuideStar/Candid profiles at https://www.guidestar.org/profile/<EIN>; and CauseIQ (Polaris, Compass) — aggregator.
• S107. Polaris: press-release index https://polarisproject.org/press-releases/ ; workforce initiative (29 Jul 2026) https://polarisproject.org/press-releases/polaris-unveils-bold-new-workforce-development-economic-mobility-initiative-marking-the-next-chapter-in-survivor-support/ ; financial information https://polarisproject.org/financial-information/ ; 2024 Annual Report https://polarisproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Polaris-Annual-Report-2024-rev.pdf ; 2024 Form 990 (image-only) https://polarisproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Polaris-2024-Form-990.pdf — charity's own.
• S108. Grassley letter release (5 May 2025), S85 above; Empower Oversight (14 May 2025) https://empowr.us/empower-oversight-presses-hhs-to-extend-trafficking-hotline-deadline-amid-whistleblower-revelations/ ; Just the News (2 Jun 2025) https://justthenews.com/government/federal-agencies/human-trafficking-hotline-contractor-hot-water-over-revolving-door ; SWOP Behind Bars (19 Oct 2025, opinion) https://www.swopbehindbars.org/post/when-rescue-is-rebranded-compass-connections-takes-the-national-hotline ; Hawaii Public Radio (30 Sep 2025) https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/local-news/2025-09-30/anti-human-trafficking-resource-group-prepares-for-national-hotline-changes — primary (allegations relayed); news; advocacy.
• S109. Compass Connections / BCFS history: HHS OIG, Fort Bliss report OEI-07-21-00251 (13 Sep 2022) https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/OEI-07-21-00251.asp — primary (names no contractor); CNN via KVIA (28 Jul 2021) https://kvia.com/politics/cnn-us-politics/2021/07/28/whistleblowers-allege-poor-conditions-at-fort-bliss-facility-for-migrant-children/ — news; UPI (18 Dec 2018, OIG audit of BCFS shelters) https://www.upi.com/Audit-Migrant-kids-shelter-operator-violated-health-safety-rules/5521545158293/ — news; Vice (11 Jan 2019, Tornillo) https://www.vice.com/en/article/head-of-controversial-tent-city-says-the-trump-administration-pressured-him-to-detain-more-young-migrants/ — news; News 4 San Antonio (31 Mar 2026, updated 3 May 2026) https://news4sanantonio.com/news/local/ice-teen-detained-in-san-pedro-ave-raid-still-in-custody-in-south-side-childrens-shelter — news; North Dakota Human Trafficking Task Force summary of the OTIP webinar (19 Dec 2025) https://northdakota-taskforce.squarespace.com/blog — secondary; hotline privacy policy (Textline terms still name Polaris) https://humantraffickinghotline.org/en/privacy-policy — primary. Unread (403): Grassley letters to Compass (hotline, 12 Dec 2025; ORR contractors) at grassley.senate.gov.
• S110. Sanctuary for Families: https://sanctuaryforfamilies.org/financials/ ; FY25 Form 990 https://sanctuaryforfamilies.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Sanctuary-for-Families-990-FY25.pdf — charity's own (filing).
• S111. Restore NYC: https://restorenyc.org/resources/annual-reports-and-financials/ ; https://restorenyc.org/gratitude-report-25/ ; FY2024 audited statements https://restorenyc.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/RestoreNYC-Final-FS-FY24-no-password.pdf — charity's own (audit).
• S112. GEMS: https://www.gems-girls.org/our-team ; https://www.gems-girls.org/financial-documents ; https://www.gems-girls.org/awards-honors — charity's own.
• S113. Freedom Fund: https://www.freedomfund.org/news/ ; https://www.freedomfund.org/about/financials/ ; https://www.freedomfund.org/impact/impact-reports/ ; Companies House, The Freedom Fund UK (08926428) https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/08926428 — charity's own; primary (registry).
• S114. The Exodus Road: https://theexodusroad.com/financials/ ; https://theexodusroad.com/meet-the-team/ ; Global Observer (24 Jun 2021) https://gobserver.net/4822/global-diaries/thailand/allegations-of-sexual-misconduct-at-exodus-road/ — charity's own; news.
• S115. GEMS, audited financial statements for the year ended 30 Jun 2023 (10 May 2024), Note 11 "Going Concern" (re-downloaded and read in the main session). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59d5510ccf81e035a410a663/t/664fdfae9e7f1c64008d3ee7/1716510638569/Final+Financial+Statements.pdf — primary (independent auditor's report).
• S116. IJM: Starr FM (12 Jul 2023) https://starrfm.com.gh/?p=443977 — news; Christian Post (15 Jul 2019) http://www.christianpost.com/news/ijm-creates-safer-guatemala-for-kids-expresses-concern-over-trump-admin-aid-cuts.html — news. Unread/blocked: https://www.ijm.org/news ; BBC Africa Eye (10 Jul 2023) https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66122058.
• S117. NCMEC: annual report and 990 page https://www.missingkids.org/footer/about/annual-report ; 2025 Form 990 https://www.missingkids.org/content/dam/missingkids/pdfs/2025-NCMEC-Form-990-Public-Disclosure.pdf — charity's own (filing); Stanford Internet Observatory, "The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Online Child Safety Ecosystem" (22 Apr 2024) https://cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/publication/how-fix-online-child-exploitation-reporting-system ; PDF https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:pr592kc5483/cybertipline-paper-2024-04-22.pdf — research; NCMEC response (22 Apr 2024) https://www.missingkids.org/blog/2024/in-response-to-stanford-internet-observatory-cyber-policy-centers-report — charity's own; REPORT Act, P.L. 118-59 https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-118publ59/html/PLAW-118publ59.htm — primary; Senate Judiciary release on the Missing Children's Assistance Reauthorization Act https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/press/rep/releases/graham-durbin-house-leaders-applaud-bipartisan-bill-to-support-missing-and-exploited-children-becoming-law — primary; NBC News (7 Feb 2025) https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/doj-orders-child-safety-authority-comply-trumps-gender-ideology-order-rcna191282 — news. Unread: Grassley letter to NCMEC (2 Mar 2026).
• S118. CIW https://ciw-online.org/ ; FFSC https://www.fairfoodstandards.org/ — programme's own.
• S119. BBBS of NYC: https://www.bigsnyc.org/about ; https://www.bigsnyc.org/news-press ; FY24 Form 990 https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/67690f74e611dcc6ac39c244/687fc4ea1b6b8b12ed436979_2024-06%20%20FED%20FORM%20990%20PUBLIC%20INSPECTION%20COPY.pdf ; 2024 Annual Report https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/67690f74e611dcc6ac39c244/67cf352f7033dbc0f3f47ca6_BBBS_AR_2024-V2_LR%20(1).pdf — charity's own (filing).
• S120. Walk Free / Minderoo: https://www.walkfree.org/ ; https://www.walkfree.org/global-slavery-index/ ; https://www.minderoo.org/ ; https://www.minderoo.org/our-leaders ; ABR entry https://abr.business.gov.au/ABN/View?abn=24819440618 — primary; Gallagher A.T., "What's Wrong with the Global Slavery Index?", Anti-Trafficking Review 8, 2017, https://www.antitraffickingreview.org/index.php/atrjournal/article/view/228 — research (abstract); Guth A. et al., "Proper Methodology and Methods of Collecting and Analyzing Slavery Data: An Examination of the Global Slavery Index", Social Inclusion 2(4), 2014, https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/195 — research; Walby S., Francis B., "Improving the Estimate of Trafficking in Human Beings and Modern Slavery by Integrating Data From ILO/Walk Free/IOM and UNODC", Social Indicators Research, 2024, https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/226017/1/published_version_s11205-024-03474-w.pdf — research; The Nightly (15 Apr 2024) https://thenightly.com.au/business/minderoo-foundation-set-to-axe-100-roles-in-a-huge-shake-up-of-andrew-and-nicola-forrests-philanthropic-arm-c-14317619 — news; ABC News (17 Oct 2024) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-10-17/andrew-nicola-forrrest-step-down-from-minderoo-foundation/104485400 — news. Blocked: ACNC register.
• S121. ILO, Global Estimates publication page https://www.ilo.org/publications/major-publications/global-estimates-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage ; ILO forced-labour topic page https://www.ilo.org/topics/forced-labour-modern-slavery-and-trafficking-persons — primary.
• S122. Our Rescue / O.U.R.: Deseret News (12 May 2023) https://www.deseret.com/utah/2023/5/12/23717081/davis-county-attorneys-office-closes-investigation-into-operation-underground-railroad ; Vice (10 Dec 2020) https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-famed-anti-sex-trafficking-group-has-a-problem-with-the-truth/ ; NBC News (19 Sep 2023) https://www.nbcnews.com/news/tim-ballard-resigned-operation-underground-railroad-reports-sexual-mis-rcna105835 ; FOX 13 (LDS statement) https://www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/lds-church-calls-actions-of-operation-underground-railroad-founder-morally-unacceptable ; KSL (6 Feb 2024) https://www.ksl.com/article/50868668/operation-underground-railroad-announces-new-leadership-after-tim-ballard-ouster ; FOX 13 (dismissal) https://www.fox13now.com/news/fox-13-investigates/judge-dismisses-emotional-distress-lawsuit-against-tim-ballard-and-operation-underground-railroad ; KSL (22 Jul 2025) https://www.ksl.com/article/news/utah/police-and-courts/utah-judge-dismisses-lawsuit-against-tim-ballard-says-plaintiff-improperly-accessed-documents/51348970 ; Deseret News (22 Jul 2025) https://www.deseret.com/utah/2025/07/22/tim-ballard-lawsuit-dismissed-our-sexual-misconduct-allegations/ ; Salt Lake Tribune (2 Apr 2026) https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2026/04/02/tim-ballard-following-sex-assault/ ; The American Prospect (11 Aug 2026) https://prospect.org/2026/08/11/our-rescue-disgraced-anti-sex-trafficking-ngo-migrant-kids/ — news; Charity Navigator alert at https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/463614979 — rating. Unread/blocked: AP (Nov 2025); Salt Lake Tribune (14 Nov 2025, 404); Courthouse News (Jun 2026); ourrescue.org; Washington Post ($158M headline).
• S123. Thorn: https://www.thorn.org/ ; 2025 Impact Report https://www.thorn.org/about/our-impact/2025-impact-report/ ; https://safer.io/ — charity's own; NBC News (15 Sep 2023) https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ashton-kutcher-resigns-anti-sex-abuse-organization-danny-masterson-bac-rcna105356 ; Balkan Insight/BIRN (25 Sep 2023) https://balkaninsight.com/2023/09/25/who-benefits-inside-the-eus-fight-over-scanning-for-child-sex-content/ ; Follow the Money (7 Oct 2023) https://www.ftm.eu/articles/ashton-kutchers-non-profit-start-up-makes-millions-from-fighting-child-abuse-online ; Netzpolitik (25 Feb 2025) https://netzpolitik.org/2025/chatkontrolle-europol-kassiert-ruege-wegen-thorn-drehtuer/ — news; European Ombudsman decision, case 2091/2023/AML (21 Feb 2025) https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/decision/en/200017 — primary.

What would overturn the main conclusions

• A published substantiation rate for hotline tips (investigations or confirmed victims per third-party tip) would settle the A2 grade one way or the other; nobody publishes one.
• The Not a Number cluster RCT (Sept 2027) is the first trial with exploitation as the outcome; a positive result would lift school-based prevention to "moderate" or "strong".
• An independent outcome evaluation of the Fair Food Program (not the programme's own audits) would move A6 to "strong"; the Freedom Fund's IDS/Praxis prevalence figures, once read, could do the same for A4.
• A document naming Compass Connections or BCFS as the Fort Bliss operator, or Compass's published tip-sharing plan, would change D2.
• Any court or regulator action involving the four NYC organisations in Nov 2024–Nov 2026 would change D3–D5; no search could be run for them today.

No tracking on any link.Ticks stay on this device.What changedContested